Music in Titanic Analysis

Music in Titanic Analysis The movie Titanic is deemed as a romantic story fused by the love and the tragedy. The music employed in the film is to provide two rendering functions, one is to describe the love between Jack and Rose, and the other one is for the storyline. To achieve the goals above, two major themes of music created by the musician, one is for the love centered by My Heart Will Go On, and the other is for the sinking Titanic. Even though the movie Titanic is classified by drama to describe a romantic story on the disaster journey of Titanic, however, it is also a great musical film directed by James Cameron released in 1997. There is no doubt that the movie Titanic is one of the first-class films with the concord between music and pictures. The soundtrack in this film is recognized as one of the best classic movie soundtrack publicly in the 20th century. Its beautiful melodies, strong lyrical effect, inseparable connection with the picture, and powerful plot driven make it turn into the ultimate soundtrack in movie history, so that it is quite difficult to be transcended. Additionally, the key of the success of the soundtrack in this movie is that composer integrates the Scottish folk music into the pictures and the storyline in a perfect way. The beautiful and desolate rhythm played by Scottish bagpipes running throughout the film puts Scottish folk element into emotional tone of the tragedy organically, by which viewer gets a fresh feeling. In fact, music in the films has a singular influence on the perception and understanding of image, which is called aesthetic effect. Based on a study, it demonstrates that film music has effects on character amiability and the inevitability of perceiving characters emotions. (Berthold et al., 2011) In the case of film Titanic, the theme song My Heart Will Go On becomes the other main line throughout the film. As a consequence, many soundtracks are based on this song that portrays characters mental activity and emotion, and renders the mood, by which viewers are connected with the story closely. The audiences are possibly able to know what characters thought by corresponding melodies as the same time. The composer tries to use the multi-stage musical form, which is commonly used in films, to create the soundtrack for the movie Titanic. At the beginning of the movie, with tragic melody, a clear female voice accompanied by the plaintive sound of the Scottish bagpipes evokes memories of the past immediately, and also indicates that the romantic desolate love will start on this ship. As mentioned above, there are two parts of the movie Titanic, the love and the disaster. The theme of love is presented at the first meet between Jack and Rose who is ready to jump into the sea, through which viewers would feel that the love begins to germinate. During the development of romance between two characters, the composer continually presents the tragic melody through the rendering of the soundtrack. With the sinking of Titanic, people keep running for surviving. At this time, the composer introduce the quickly short melody played by stringed instruments, the sharp tone played by trumpet echoed with the melody played by the French horn, the gloomy melody played by the trombone and the sound played by the percussion which are accompanied by female voice and melody played by Scottish bagpipes as a whole for disaster mood rendering. (Content Server, Conclusion: Some, of course, are ballads appropriate for any event in which families were separated and lost loved ones. ) Please add something here. In addition, the perspective of the film is through that elderly Rose recalls shipwreck disaster occurred 85 years ago. To support that, the musical theme of the disaster mixed with the theme of love in the shadow brings strongly feeling of tragedy and nostalgia. Some times, those two themes are separated, and some times are united. There are also the scenes of the musicians who play the music during the event occurring. If those scenes are included, there are 75 musical scenes in the movie Titanic. At the beginning of the film, a female voice accompanied by the sound of the Scottish bagpipes indicates that the final of the story should be a tragedy. In the first half of the movie, the music presents magnificent sail song to support a bustling scene around Port Southampton, through which the final tragedy is contrasted. Generally, the soundtrack of a film should be connected to the story of the film closely. (Content, 1st par: We wanted to know) Please add something here. Firstly, the soundtrack can render the mood of the story, for instance, at the beginning of the movie, life so changed presents deep and melodious that gives a heavy feeling and makes viewers to get the sense of final tragedy. Furthermore, it can render the emotion of the characters, by which the inside emotion could be pulled out through the play of soundtrack. It is commonly believed that the best scene in the film is the cheerful melody with full dynamic jump played by piano when Jack does the painting for Rose. The melody shows Roses happiness and endless heartbeat during facing her lover, by which it is better way than using any gorgeous language to describe the emotion of characters. Besides, it is able to drive the story efficiently. To illustrate, the melody goes up and boosts up gradually when the carriage brings Rose into the scenes. Then, Rose waves gloved hand, gets off the carriage, raises hat and exposes cheeks, and the soundtrack reaches a climax at the same time. At t his moment, the music plays a fantastic role for the story driven. Lastly, it can also be played as a key to reveal the theme of the story. For example, at the end of the film, My Heart Will Go On presents a review of the whole story to viewers through the beautiful and desolate song performed by Celine Dion in her melodious voice. My Heart Will Go On as the theme song of the movie Titanic plays a role of conclusion of the sorrowful yet beautiful love story. This song brings the misty, vast and uninhibited feeling echoed in the ears from the high sky. Accompanied by ups and downs of the song, the melody becomes the key in the love theme of the film. It condenses the exact definition of love which Jack and Rose performs around 200 minutes, shocks the heart of viewers deeply, and leaves the tears to them. On the other hand, the other theme, the feeling of disaster has been weakened, as if the promise of love and song of love gives the sublimation to the spirit of the characters in the tragedy. After watching this movie, viewers would recall the soul-stirring story when they listen to the song, My Heart Will Go On. With the fantastic performance by Celine Dion, My Heart Will Go On holds on the top 1st of the US Billboard for 16 weeks continuously. According to a statistics, it indicates that Celine Dions album My Heart Will Go On sell like a hot cake caused by focuses on anniversary of the attractive theme from Titanic (Trust, G, 2012) Consequently, the popularity of the theme song of Titanic has a huge impact on box office. Although usually around 7 to 8 soundtracks in a film, there is one theme song performed in several scenes and throughout the story, and the melody of it would be different each time, sometimes on changes of speed, sometimes on variations of instruments. (Beyond, P1: Music has traditionally been regarded as a subordinate element in the standard film genres and film conceptualise music)For example, in the movie Titanic, there are at least three scenes with the theme song performed, Jack and Rose standing at bow of the ship accompanied by Scottish bagpipes and human voice, Jack is painting for Rose accompanied by piano, and elder Rose in sleep accompanied by Scottish bagpipes, human voice and piano. With the different plot of each scene, the different techniques for handling music could give more extensive imagination of the theme of the film to the viewers other than the picture and avoid the boring of the repetitions. As the theme song of the movie Titanic, My Heart Will Go On presents a forever pure love, so that it is responded and throughout each scenes this movie of love. If picture is the skeleton of the movie, the music gives it a soul. As a new type of musical expression, the soundtrack in movie sends out its own fascination, and acts as a key role in the movie. In each scenes of every movie, no matter the happiness, angry, sadness, or horror, the soundtrack is absolutely necessary that would give the vitality to pictures, and put the relative imagination to viewers mind. An excellent movie gives viewers not only the memory of a fantastic story, but also beautiful soundtracks (usually the theme song). And with the passage of time, even though the story would be blurred, the soundtracks still hovers in the mind, and it would fetch back the memory of the story sometimes.

Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II

Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II altered the face of American history forever. This being a war the United States was greatly against and never wanted to enter, They were thrust into the war by a brutal attack from the Japanese on a Navel base located in the pacific ocean on the island Oahu in what is called Pearl Harbor. This attack on the base was a direct attack against the United States and gave America no choice but to enter the war they were originally so opposed to, or were they? Did the American government know that the Japanese were planning an attack?Did the United States allow the Japanese kill and wound several thousand Americans and sink and damage several naval ships all for a reason to enter a war our President longed to be a part of? Those questions along with several more have been raised by authors and thinkers throughout history. These questions along with several more will be examined in depth throughout this writing. The thesis of this pa per is as follows, â€Å"On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japan’s surprise attacks on the U. S.Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. † First, the anticipation of war will be discussed and the events leading to attack. Secondly, the process that the Japanese went through will be discussed, from the year of planning to the secretive launch of their â€Å"striking force† also their already obvious aggression displayed by the invasion of China.Another crucial piece to this puzzle is the Tripartite pact signed by Japan to make them apart of the â€Å"Axis powers†. Also the Japanese fleet and how they were utilized and coordinated in this attack will play a vital part in this description of this devastating attack. Finall y the question will be addressed of whether we were aware of the attacks in advance and discuss the conspiracy theories surrounding this hot button issue in World War II history. Tensions between Japan and the United States increased greatly at the start of the military oriented  Showa era, as Japanese nationalists and military leaders used escalating influence over government policy, accepting the creation of a  Greater East Asia alliance  as part of Japan's alleged â€Å"divine right†Ã‚  to unify all of Asia under  Emperor Showa's rule,  threatening the already-established American, French, British, and Dutch colonies located in Asia. †[i] Throughout the 1930s, Japan's increasing expansion policies got them into conflicts with its neighbors, Russia and China[ii] .In March of 1933, Japan removed itself from the  League of Nations  because of international displease for its desire to conquer Manchuria  and for their plans to establish the  Manchukuo  puppet government. On January 15, 1936, Japan also removed representatives from the  Second London Naval Disarmament Conference[iii]  because the United States and Great Britain did not want to grant the  Imperial Japanese Navy  (IJN) parity with their navies. [iv] A  second war  between the Japanese and Chinese started with the  Marco Polo Bridge Incident  in July 1937[v].Japan's attack on China was looked down upon by the United States and the majority of the members of the League of Nations including Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands. The crimes of the Japanese during the conflict such as the Rape of Nanking[vi], definitely made relations with the rest of the world very strained. These states had several interests, as well as formal colonies, in the East  and  Southeast Asia. Japan's new power and its urge to use it raised great concerns, which threatened the control they had in Asia.In July of 1939, the United States got rid of its 1911 commerc ial treaty with Japan, but this effort failed to stop Japan from continuing the war in China, or from signing the  Tripartite Pact  in 1940 with  Hitler’s Germany  and Italy, officially forming the  Axis Powers. Japan took full advantage of Germany’s war in Europe to better its progress in the Far East. The Tripartite Pact promised each of the nations that had signed would have assistance if attacked by any country then considered neutral. This stipulation was directed at the United States, and gave Japan more power on the political stage.The Tripartite Pact now posed a great threat to the United States on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Hitler and Mussolini threatening on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Japanese on the Pacific Ocean. The Roosevelt administration felt the  American lifestyle  would be threatened if Europe and the Far East were to come under control of a dictatorship. Roosevelt pledged to help the British and the Chinese; he loaned both money and  materials  to both countries and promised that America aid would be enough to promise their survival of war. Giving this aid would start to move the United States from a neutral country to a country preparing for war.On October 8, 1940, Admiral  James O. Richardson, who was the commander of the Pacific Fleet, forced a confrontation with President Roosevelt, resending his messages from previous transmissions to  Chief of Naval Operations  Admiral  Harold R. Stark  and to  Secretary of the Navy  Frank Knox, that Pearl Harbor was the be best place for his ships to be located. Roosevelt told Richardson that having that fleet in Pearl Harbor was a â€Å"restraining influence† on the Japanese. Richardson asked the president if the United States was going to war. [vii] In Richardson's retelling of the account the president responded: At least as early as October 8, 1940, President Roosevelt believed that affairs had reached such a state that the United S tates would be come involved in a war with Japan. †¦ ‘that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner of later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war. †¦ â€Å". [viii] In 1940, Japanese troops moved into northern  Indochina. The invasion of Indochina, along with the Tripartite Pact, their war in China, increasing troops, and Japan's leaving the League of Nations made the U. S. embargo metal that was being shipped to Japan and to tighten down its foreign policy actions towards the Japanese and shut down the  Panama Canal  to Japanese ships. In 1941, Japanese troops invaded southern Indochina.On July 26 1941 the United States answered by freezing most Japane se assets in the United States and, then on August 1 1941, placed embargos on all of the oil and gas exports to Japan. Oil was the most important resource imported to Japan; at the time more than 80 percent of Japan's oil imports came from the United States. To make sure they had oil, and several other vital resources, the Japanese had long been looking for other places for their supplies, specifically in the  Dutch East Indies.The Navy was sure any plan of action to seize the Dutch East Indies would bring the United States into the war and were very skeptical when it came time to agree with the other factions' plans for the invasion. The complete United States oil embargo changed to the naval view to support the expansion toward support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies and capture of all of the oil fields there. After the embargoes and the freezing of all assets, the Ambassador of Japan in Washington and the secretary of State Cordell Hull had multiple meetings to try an d find a solution to the Japanese-American problems.No solution could be found because of three major problems which were Japan's alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact; Japan wanted total control and responsibility for Southeast Asia; and Japan refused to leave China. Feeling the strain from the U. S. embargoes, Japan developed a sense of urgency, they either had to agree to Washington's demands and return to normal trade, or use force to gain access to resources that were available throughout the Pacific.Deciding that agreeing to Washington’s demands was unacceptable The Japanese decided to prepare for war with the United States, and seeing the opportunity of the forward basing of the  US Pacific Fleet  at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began to plan in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor. For the next several months, planning a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific occupied most of the Ja panese’ time and attention.The Pearl Harbor attack planning came from the Japanese predicting that the United States would be drawn into the war after the Japanese attacked Malaya and Singapore. The intent of a strike on Pearl Harbor was to negate the American navy in the Pacific, in turn removing it from dictating operations against American, British, and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific. Planning in the beginning had seen a battle between the two powers would take place in Japanese waters after the United States Navel Fleet traveled across the Pacific Ocean, which would come under attack by submarines and other forces all the way across.The United States Fleet would be beaten in a climactic battle. A surprise attack presented a difficult problem for two major reasons. First, the United States Pacific Fleet was a major force, and they would not be a pushover to defeat or sneak up on. Second, for an air attack, Pearl Harbor's shallow waters made the use of standard  air- dropped torpedoes  useless. On the bright side, the isolation of the island of Hawaii meant that a surprise attack could not be stopped or countered quickly by forces stationed in the continental United States.A lot of Japan’s naval officers were very impressed with the British  Operation: Judgement, where twenty one old and outdated  Fairey Swordfish  crippled half of the  Regia Marina. Admiral Yamamoto went as far as sending a delegation to Italy, which decided that a version of Cunningham's strike on a much larger scale could force the United States Pacific Fleet to have to return to bases in California, which would give the Japanese time to put a â€Å"barrier† defense in place to defend the Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies.The delegation returned from Italy with information on how the Cunningham engineers devised shallow-running torpedoes. Japan’s navel planners were without a doubt influenced by Admiral  Togo's surprise attack that was executed on the Pacific Fleet of Russia  at Port Arthur in 1905, and also they were influenced by U. S. Admiral  Harry Yarnell's work in the 1932 joint Army-Navy exercises, which was used to simulate an invasion of the island of Hawaii. Yarnell, as the leader of the force that was attacking the island, placed his aircraft carriers northwest f Oahu and simulated an air attack. The umpires of the exercises noted that Yarnell's aircraft were able to impose serious â€Å"damage† on the defending team, who for 24 hours after the attack were not able to find his team. In a letter that was written on January 7, 1941 Yamamoto finally delivered a somewhat rough draft of his plan to  Koshiro Oikawa, then Navy Minister, who he also asked that he be made Commander in Chief of the air fleet to carry out the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A couple of weeks later in another letter, this time sent to  Takijiro Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet, Yamamoto asked Onishi to study the actual ability successfully carrying out an attack against the American base. After speaking with  Kosei Maeda originally, an expert on aerial torpedo warfare, and being told that harbor's shallow waters made an attack of this nature very close to impossible; Onsihi then sought the advice of Commander  and planner Minoru Genda.Once Genda studied the original plan issued by Yamamoto, Genda said: â€Å"the plan is difficult but not impossible†. During the next couple weeks, Genda made some changes to Yamamoto's rough draft of the attack, stressing the importance of the attack being executed early in the morning and in complete secrecy, using an aircraft carrier fleet and many different types of bombing. [ix]Although bombing the United States Pacific Fleet while they were anchored in Pearl Harbor would be a surprise, it also had two large flaws: The ships that would be targeted would be sunk or damaged in the shallow water waters of the harbor, which would mean that they could possibly be salvaged and possibly returned to duty (as six of the eight battleships eventually were); and most of the crews would be able to live through the attack, since the majority would be on leave  which means they would be on shore or that most could be easily rescued from the harbor after the attack took place.Despite these concerns, Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead. By April of 1941, the plan to attack Pearl Harbor began to be referred to as  Operation Z, named after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Togo at Tsushima. Throughout the summer of 1941 leading up to the attack, pilots were training in secret near  Kagoshima City  on the Japanese island of  Kyushu. Genda chose this location because the geography and infrastructure of Kagoshima City presented almost all of the same problems bombers would have to overcome during the attack on Pearl Harbor.In training, each flight crew navigated over the 5000-foot mountain behind Kagoshima City and dropp ed into the city, maneuvering around buildings before descending to an altitude of 25 feet at the oceans edge. Bombardiers dropped torpedoes at some 300 yards away. The skimming of the water did not fix the problem of torpedoes hitting the ocean floor in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Japanese engineers developed modifications allowing successful shallow water drops. The engineers work turned out to be a heavily modified version of theType 91 torpedo,  which turned out to inflict most of the damage to ships during the attack.Japanese weapon engineers also developed special  armor-piercing bombs  with fitted fins and release shackles to 14 and 16  inch naval shells. These were able to pierce the more lightly armored decks of the older battleships still in service. On November 26, 1941, a Japanese  Striking Force of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga,  Soryu,  Hiryu,  Shokaku, and  Zuikaku) left Japan  heading  to a predetermined position that was northwest of Hawaii, with the intention to launch its planes to execute the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A total of 408 aircraft were supposed to be used in the attack: 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensive  combat air patrol  (CAP), including nine fighters that would serve double duty on CAP and the first attack wave. The first wave was going to be the major attack, with the second wave serving as a way to finish whatever objectives remained to be completed. The first wave featured the majority of the weapons to attack  capital ships; mainly the specially adapted  Type 91  aerial torpedoes  that we discussed earlier. x]  The attack crews were told to pick the highest value targets such as battleships and  aircraft carriers or, if they were not available, any other high profile ships like cruisers and destroyers. The dive bombers  were ordered to attack ground targets. Fighter pilots were told to strafe and destroy as many grounded aircraft as possible to make sur e they did not get into the air to attack the bombers, specifically during the first wave. When the planes fuel got low they were ordered to return to the aircraft carriers to refuel, then immediately return to the attack.Fighters were ordered to serve CAP duties when needed, especially over the US airfields where the United States planes were grounded. Before the attack began, two aircrafts  were launched from cruisers were sent to scout and gain information over Oahu and report on the composition of the fleet and their exact location. Another four planes scouted the area between the Japanese carrier force in order to prevent the task force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. [xi] The attack on Pearl Harbor actually took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but it was not the Admiral’s intention to do this.He originally stated that the attack should not take place until at least thirty minutes after Japan had formally notified the United States that negotiations for peace had come to a close. [xii]  The Japanese tried to play by the rules of war while still making the attack a surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered and translated. Japan sent the 5,000-word declairation of war (commonly called the â€Å"14-Part Message†) in two sections to the  Japanese Embassy in Washington, but translating the message took too long for it to be delivered in time. In fact, U. S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. ). The final part of the â€Å"14 Part Message† is what some call the actual declaration of war. While it did not declare war nor did it end diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a large number of senior U. S government officials as a very strong indication that negotiations were likely done  and that war was going to erupt at any moment.A declaration of war from Japan was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8,  but it was not delivered to the United States government until the day after the attack had already taken place. â€Å"The first attack wave consisted of 183 planes that were launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It included: ? 1st Group  (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers) ? 50  Nakajima B5N  Kate  bombers armed with 800  kg (1760  lb)  armor piercing bombs, organized in four sections ? 40 B5N bombers armed with  Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections ? nd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets:  Ford Island  and  Wheeler Field) ? 54  Aichi D3A  Val  dive bombers armed with 550  lb (249  kg)  general purpose bombs ? 3rd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber’s Point, Kaneohe) ? 45  Mitsubishi A6M  Zeke  fighters for air control and  strafing ? Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulti es. †[xiii] â€Å"The second wave was 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, led by Lieutenant  Shigekazu Shimazaki. Four of the planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.This wave and its targets comprised: ? 1st Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 54 B5Ns armed with 550  lb (249  kg) and 132  lb (60  kg) general purpose bombs ? 27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point ? 27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field ? 2nd Group  (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers) ? 81 D3As armed with 550  lb (249  kg) general purpose bombs, in four sections ? 3rd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber’s Point, Kaneohe) ? 36 A6Ms for defense and strafing†[xiv] The United States suffered great losses; all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. Of the eight damaged six were raised, repaired and returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three  destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,  and one  minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed  and 1,282 wounded. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the  intelligence section) were not attacked. [xv] â€Å"Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five  midget submarines  lost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailor  was captured. †[xvi] â€Å"After the attack, 15  Medals of Honor, 51  Navy Crosses, 53  Silver Stars, four  Navy and Marine Corps Medals, one  Distinguished Flying Cross, four  Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and three  Bronze Star Medals  were awarded to the American military men who served in combat at Pearl Harbor. [xvii]  Also, a special award, the  Pearl Harbor Commem orative Medal, was later made and given to all military veterans of the attack. The day following the attack, Roosevelt gave his now famous  Infamy Speech  to a  Joint Session of Congress, calling for a  declaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress granted this request in less than an hour. On December 11 1941 Germany and Italy, honoring the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the United States. The United States Congress issued a declaration of war later the same day against Germany and Italy.Britain declared war on the Japanese some nine hours before the United States did, mostly because of the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and also due to the promise that Winston Churchill made to declare war â€Å"within the hour† if the Japanese executed an attack against the United States. The attack was a huge shock to the Allies in the Pacific Theater. More losses made the setback even more alarming. Japan  attacked the Philippines just a few short   hours later but because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines.Just a few days after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the  Prince of Wales  and  Repulse,  which were two British ships, were sunk  off the coast of  Malaya, British Prime Minister  Winston Churchill  later said: â€Å"In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the  Indian Ocean  or the  Pacific  except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California.Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked†. [xviii] During the rest of the war, Pearl Harbor was very often used with  American propaganda to promote the war. Another huge reaction by America because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor was that most of the Japanese American residents and citizens were reloca ted to Japanese-American internment  camps. Just a few short hours after the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were arrested and brought to high-security camps that like  Sand Island  and Kilauea Military Camp  located in Hawaii.Later, over 110,000 Japanese Americans, this includes United States citizens, were yanked from their homes and transferred to these high security internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. [xix] As was discussed previously discussed, was America aware of the plans of the attack? Several theorists don’t accept the view that Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise and these theorists always make clear that Roosevelt wanted, though did not say so officially, the U. S. to play a part in the war against Germany.A basic grip of the political situation of 1941 displays reasonable evidence Roosevelt invited, allowed, or even knew of the Pearl Harbor attack. Military historian and novelist  Thomas Fleming  poses the argument that President Roosevelt himself, had wished that Germany or Japan would make the first blow, but did not expect the United States to be hit as hard as it was in the attack on Pearl Harbor. [xx] In closing I feel that the United States was aware of this devastating attack and that my thesis of â€Å"On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japan’s surprise attacks on the U.S. Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. † was well covered through out duration of this research. ———————– [i] The effort to establish the Imperial Way (kodo) had begun with the  Second Sino-Japanese War  (called  sei sen, or â€Å"holy war†, by Japan). Bix, Herbert,  Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. [ii] Japan had fought the  First Sino-Japanese War  with China in 1894-95 and the Russo-Japanese War  with Russia in 1904-05; Japan's imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts. [iii] The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in  London,  United Kingdom  on 9 December 1935. It resulted in the  Second London Naval Treaty  which was signed on 25 March 1936. [iv] Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns,  Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932-1988, 2003, p. 504. [v] The  Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a  battle  between the  Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army  and the  Imperial Japanese Army, often used as the marker for the start of the  Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) [vi] The Rape of Nanking was a  mass murder, and  war rape  that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese  capture  of the city of  Nanking, the former capital of the  Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the  Second Sino-Japanese War. vii] Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, â€Å"Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence† [viii] Richardson, â€Å"On the Treadmill†, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, â€Å"Human Smoke†, p. 239 [ix] Prange, Gordon,  At Dawn We Slept, Penguin Books, p. 25-27 [x] Peattie, Mark R. (2001),  Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, Naval Institute Press [xi] Tony DiGiulian. â€Å"Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941†. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xii] Calvocoressi  et al. ,  The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 52 [xiii] Prange. p. 102 [xiv] Prange. p. 102 [xv] â€Å"Full Pearl Harbor casualty list†. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xvi] â€Å"Full Pearl Harbor casualty list†. Usswes tvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xvii] Prange. p. 454 [xviii]   Churchill, Winston; Martin Gilbert (2001),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"December 1941†,  The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War,  Volume 3: 1941, London, New York: W. W. Norton, p 1593–1594, [xix] Prange. p. 632 [xx]   Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). â€Å"Pearl Harbor Hype†. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Bibliography: Primary:Burtness, Paul, and Warren Ober. â€Å"President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the Unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor: A Research Note.. †Ã‚  Australian Journal of Politics & History;. 57. no. 4 (2011): 580-88. http://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ohiolink. edu:9099/ehost/detail? vid=4&hid=113&[email  protected]&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==, Retrieved 2012-02-21 â€Å"Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941, – the Japanese View† EyeWitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohistory. com (2001). Retrieved 2012-03-01 Harriet Moore, (U. S. Army Nurse Corps 2nd Lt . , interview by Erica Warren, â€Å"Army nurse recalls attack on Pearl Harbor,†Ã‚  North County Times, December 7, 2003, January 31, 2012, http://www. nctimes. com/news/local/article_85b4ea10-e9c2-5af7-8e74-deddc726aa5b. html. Conn, Stetson; Fairchild, Byron; Engelman, Rose C. (2000),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"7 – The Attack on Pearl Harbor†,  Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington D. C. : Center of Military History United States Army â€Å"Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack†,  Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office, 1946, retrieved 2012-02-08 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942 Churchill, Winston; Martin Gilbert (2001),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"December 1941†,  The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War,  Volume 3: 1941, London, New York: W. W. Norton, p 1593–1594, Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, â€Å"Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence† Secondary Bix, Herbert,  Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. Prange, Gordon.At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). â€Å"Pearl Harbor Hype†. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Richardson, â€Å"On the Treadmill†, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, â€Å"Human Smoke† Peattie, Mark R. (2001),  Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, Naval Institute Press Calvocoressi  et al. ,  The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 952 Tony DiGiulian. â€Å"Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941†. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II altered the face of American history forever. This being a war the United States was greatly against and never wanted to enter, They were thrust into the war by a brutal attack from the Japanese on a Navel base located in the pacific ocean on the island Oahu in what is called Pearl Harbor. This attack on the base was a direct attack against the United States and gave America no choice but to enter the war they were originally so opposed to, or were they? Did the American government know that the Japanese were planning an attack?Did the United States allow the Japanese kill and wound several thousand Americans and sink and damage several naval ships all for a reason to enter a war our President longed to be a part of? Those questions along with several more have been raised by authors and thinkers throughout history. These questions along with several more will be examined in depth throughout this writing. The thesis of this pa per is as follows, â€Å"On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japan’s surprise attacks on the U. S.Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. † First, the anticipation of war will be discussed and the events leading to attack. Secondly, the process that the Japanese went through will be discussed, from the year of planning to the secretive launch of their â€Å"striking force† also their already obvious aggression displayed by the invasion of China.Another crucial piece to this puzzle is the Tripartite pact signed by Japan to make them apart of the â€Å"Axis powers†. Also the Japanese fleet and how they were utilized and coordinated in this attack will play a vital part in this description of this devastating attack. Finall y the question will be addressed of whether we were aware of the attacks in advance and discuss the conspiracy theories surrounding this hot button issue in World War II history. Tensions between Japan and the United States increased greatly at the start of the military oriented  Showa era, as Japanese nationalists and military leaders used escalating influence over government policy, accepting the creation of a  Greater East Asia alliance  as part of Japan's alleged â€Å"divine right†Ã‚  to unify all of Asia under  Emperor Showa's rule,  threatening the already-established American, French, British, and Dutch colonies located in Asia. †[i] Throughout the 1930s, Japan's increasing expansion policies got them into conflicts with its neighbors, Russia and China[ii] .In March of 1933, Japan removed itself from the  League of Nations  because of international displease for its desire to conquer Manchuria  and for their plans to establish the  Manchukuo  puppet government. On January 15, 1936, Japan also removed representatives from the  Second London Naval Disarmament Conference[iii]  because the United States and Great Britain did not want to grant the  Imperial Japanese Navy  (IJN) parity with their navies. [iv] A  second war  between the Japanese and Chinese started with the  Marco Polo Bridge Incident  in July 1937[v].Japan's attack on China was looked down upon by the United States and the majority of the members of the League of Nations including Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands. The crimes of the Japanese during the conflict such as the Rape of Nanking[vi], definitely made relations with the rest of the world very strained. These states had several interests, as well as formal colonies, in the East  and  Southeast Asia. Japan's new power and its urge to use it raised great concerns, which threatened the control they had in Asia.In July of 1939, the United States got rid of its 1911 commerc ial treaty with Japan, but this effort failed to stop Japan from continuing the war in China, or from signing the  Tripartite Pact  in 1940 with  Hitler’s Germany  and Italy, officially forming the  Axis Powers. Japan took full advantage of Germany’s war in Europe to better its progress in the Far East. The Tripartite Pact promised each of the nations that had signed would have assistance if attacked by any country then considered neutral. This stipulation was directed at the United States, and gave Japan more power on the political stage.The Tripartite Pact now posed a great threat to the United States on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Hitler and Mussolini threatening on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Japanese on the Pacific Ocean. The Roosevelt administration felt the  American lifestyle  would be threatened if Europe and the Far East were to come under control of a dictatorship. Roosevelt pledged to help the British and the Chinese; he loaned both money and  materials  to both countries and promised that America aid would be enough to promise their survival of war. Giving this aid would start to move the United States from a neutral country to a country preparing for war.On October 8, 1940, Admiral  James O. Richardson, who was the commander of the Pacific Fleet, forced a confrontation with President Roosevelt, resending his messages from previous transmissions to  Chief of Naval Operations  Admiral  Harold R. Stark  and to  Secretary of the Navy  Frank Knox, that Pearl Harbor was the be best place for his ships to be located. Roosevelt told Richardson that having that fleet in Pearl Harbor was a â€Å"restraining influence† on the Japanese. Richardson asked the president if the United States was going to war. [vii] In Richardson's retelling of the account the president responded: At least as early as October 8, 1940, President Roosevelt believed that affairs had reached such a state that the United S tates would be come involved in a war with Japan. †¦ ‘that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner of later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war. †¦ â€Å". [viii] In 1940, Japanese troops moved into northern  Indochina. The invasion of Indochina, along with the Tripartite Pact, their war in China, increasing troops, and Japan's leaving the League of Nations made the U. S. embargo metal that was being shipped to Japan and to tighten down its foreign policy actions towards the Japanese and shut down the  Panama Canal  to Japanese ships. In 1941, Japanese troops invaded southern Indochina.On July 26 1941 the United States answered by freezing most Japane se assets in the United States and, then on August 1 1941, placed embargos on all of the oil and gas exports to Japan. Oil was the most important resource imported to Japan; at the time more than 80 percent of Japan's oil imports came from the United States. To make sure they had oil, and several other vital resources, the Japanese had long been looking for other places for their supplies, specifically in the  Dutch East Indies.The Navy was sure any plan of action to seize the Dutch East Indies would bring the United States into the war and were very skeptical when it came time to agree with the other factions' plans for the invasion. The complete United States oil embargo changed to the naval view to support the expansion toward support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies and capture of all of the oil fields there. After the embargoes and the freezing of all assets, the Ambassador of Japan in Washington and the secretary of State Cordell Hull had multiple meetings to try an d find a solution to the Japanese-American problems.No solution could be found because of three major problems which were Japan's alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact; Japan wanted total control and responsibility for Southeast Asia; and Japan refused to leave China. Feeling the strain from the U. S. embargoes, Japan developed a sense of urgency, they either had to agree to Washington's demands and return to normal trade, or use force to gain access to resources that were available throughout the Pacific.Deciding that agreeing to Washington’s demands was unacceptable The Japanese decided to prepare for war with the United States, and seeing the opportunity of the forward basing of the  US Pacific Fleet  at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began to plan in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor. For the next several months, planning a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific occupied most of the Ja panese’ time and attention.The Pearl Harbor attack planning came from the Japanese predicting that the United States would be drawn into the war after the Japanese attacked Malaya and Singapore. The intent of a strike on Pearl Harbor was to negate the American navy in the Pacific, in turn removing it from dictating operations against American, British, and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific. Planning in the beginning had seen a battle between the two powers would take place in Japanese waters after the United States Navel Fleet traveled across the Pacific Ocean, which would come under attack by submarines and other forces all the way across.The United States Fleet would be beaten in a climactic battle. A surprise attack presented a difficult problem for two major reasons. First, the United States Pacific Fleet was a major force, and they would not be a pushover to defeat or sneak up on. Second, for an air attack, Pearl Harbor's shallow waters made the use of standard  air- dropped torpedoes  useless. On the bright side, the isolation of the island of Hawaii meant that a surprise attack could not be stopped or countered quickly by forces stationed in the continental United States.A lot of Japan’s naval officers were very impressed with the British  Operation: Judgement, where twenty one old and outdated  Fairey Swordfish  crippled half of the  Regia Marina. Admiral Yamamoto went as far as sending a delegation to Italy, which decided that a version of Cunningham's strike on a much larger scale could force the United States Pacific Fleet to have to return to bases in California, which would give the Japanese time to put a â€Å"barrier† defense in place to defend the Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies.The delegation returned from Italy with information on how the Cunningham engineers devised shallow-running torpedoes. Japan’s navel planners were without a doubt influenced by Admiral  Togo's surprise attack that was executed on the Pacific Fleet of Russia  at Port Arthur in 1905, and also they were influenced by U. S. Admiral  Harry Yarnell's work in the 1932 joint Army-Navy exercises, which was used to simulate an invasion of the island of Hawaii. Yarnell, as the leader of the force that was attacking the island, placed his aircraft carriers northwest f Oahu and simulated an air attack. The umpires of the exercises noted that Yarnell's aircraft were able to impose serious â€Å"damage† on the defending team, who for 24 hours after the attack were not able to find his team. In a letter that was written on January 7, 1941 Yamamoto finally delivered a somewhat rough draft of his plan to  Koshiro Oikawa, then Navy Minister, who he also asked that he be made Commander in Chief of the air fleet to carry out the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A couple of weeks later in another letter, this time sent to  Takijiro Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet, Yamamoto asked Onishi to study the actual ability successfully carrying out an attack against the American base. After speaking with  Kosei Maeda originally, an expert on aerial torpedo warfare, and being told that harbor's shallow waters made an attack of this nature very close to impossible; Onsihi then sought the advice of Commander  and planner Minoru Genda.Once Genda studied the original plan issued by Yamamoto, Genda said: â€Å"the plan is difficult but not impossible†. During the next couple weeks, Genda made some changes to Yamamoto's rough draft of the attack, stressing the importance of the attack being executed early in the morning and in complete secrecy, using an aircraft carrier fleet and many different types of bombing. [ix]Although bombing the United States Pacific Fleet while they were anchored in Pearl Harbor would be a surprise, it also had two large flaws: The ships that would be targeted would be sunk or damaged in the shallow water waters of the harbor, which would mean that they could possibly be salvaged and possibly returned to duty (as six of the eight battleships eventually were); and most of the crews would be able to live through the attack, since the majority would be on leave  which means they would be on shore or that most could be easily rescued from the harbor after the attack took place.Despite these concerns, Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead. By April of 1941, the plan to attack Pearl Harbor began to be referred to as  Operation Z, named after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Togo at Tsushima. Throughout the summer of 1941 leading up to the attack, pilots were training in secret near  Kagoshima City  on the Japanese island of  Kyushu. Genda chose this location because the geography and infrastructure of Kagoshima City presented almost all of the same problems bombers would have to overcome during the attack on Pearl Harbor.In training, each flight crew navigated over the 5000-foot mountain behind Kagoshima City and dropp ed into the city, maneuvering around buildings before descending to an altitude of 25 feet at the oceans edge. Bombardiers dropped torpedoes at some 300 yards away. The skimming of the water did not fix the problem of torpedoes hitting the ocean floor in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Japanese engineers developed modifications allowing successful shallow water drops. The engineers work turned out to be a heavily modified version of theType 91 torpedo,  which turned out to inflict most of the damage to ships during the attack.Japanese weapon engineers also developed special  armor-piercing bombs  with fitted fins and release shackles to 14 and 16  inch naval shells. These were able to pierce the more lightly armored decks of the older battleships still in service. On November 26, 1941, a Japanese  Striking Force of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga,  Soryu,  Hiryu,  Shokaku, and  Zuikaku) left Japan  heading  to a predetermined position that was northwest of Hawaii, with the intention to launch its planes to execute the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A total of 408 aircraft were supposed to be used in the attack: 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensive  combat air patrol  (CAP), including nine fighters that would serve double duty on CAP and the first attack wave. The first wave was going to be the major attack, with the second wave serving as a way to finish whatever objectives remained to be completed. The first wave featured the majority of the weapons to attack  capital ships; mainly the specially adapted  Type 91  aerial torpedoes  that we discussed earlier. x]  The attack crews were told to pick the highest value targets such as battleships and  aircraft carriers or, if they were not available, any other high profile ships like cruisers and destroyers. The dive bombers  were ordered to attack ground targets. Fighter pilots were told to strafe and destroy as many grounded aircraft as possible to make sur e they did not get into the air to attack the bombers, specifically during the first wave. When the planes fuel got low they were ordered to return to the aircraft carriers to refuel, then immediately return to the attack.Fighters were ordered to serve CAP duties when needed, especially over the US airfields where the United States planes were grounded. Before the attack began, two aircrafts  were launched from cruisers were sent to scout and gain information over Oahu and report on the composition of the fleet and their exact location. Another four planes scouted the area between the Japanese carrier force in order to prevent the task force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. [xi] The attack on Pearl Harbor actually took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but it was not the Admiral’s intention to do this.He originally stated that the attack should not take place until at least thirty minutes after Japan had formally notified the United States that negotiations for peace had come to a close. [xii]  The Japanese tried to play by the rules of war while still making the attack a surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered and translated. Japan sent the 5,000-word declairation of war (commonly called the â€Å"14-Part Message†) in two sections to the  Japanese Embassy in Washington, but translating the message took too long for it to be delivered in time. In fact, U. S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. ). The final part of the â€Å"14 Part Message† is what some call the actual declaration of war. While it did not declare war nor did it end diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a large number of senior U. S government officials as a very strong indication that negotiations were likely done  and that war was going to erupt at any moment.A declaration of war from Japan was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8,  but it was not delivered to the United States government until the day after the attack had already taken place. â€Å"The first attack wave consisted of 183 planes that were launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It included: ? 1st Group  (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers) ? 50  Nakajima B5N  Kate  bombers armed with 800  kg (1760  lb)  armor piercing bombs, organized in four sections ? 40 B5N bombers armed with  Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections ? nd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets:  Ford Island  and  Wheeler Field) ? 54  Aichi D3A  Val  dive bombers armed with 550  lb (249  kg)  general purpose bombs ? 3rd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber’s Point, Kaneohe) ? 45  Mitsubishi A6M  Zeke  fighters for air control and  strafing ? Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulti es. †[xiii] â€Å"The second wave was 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, led by Lieutenant  Shigekazu Shimazaki. Four of the planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.This wave and its targets comprised: ? 1st Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 54 B5Ns armed with 550  lb (249  kg) and 132  lb (60  kg) general purpose bombs ? 27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point ? 27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field ? 2nd Group  (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers) ? 81 D3As armed with 550  lb (249  kg) general purpose bombs, in four sections ? 3rd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber’s Point, Kaneohe) ? 36 A6Ms for defense and strafing†[xiv] The United States suffered great losses; all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. Of the eight damaged six were raised, repaired and returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three  destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,  and one  minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed  and 1,282 wounded. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the  intelligence section) were not attacked. [xv] â€Å"Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five  midget submarines  lost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailor  was captured. †[xvi] â€Å"After the attack, 15  Medals of Honor, 51  Navy Crosses, 53  Silver Stars, four  Navy and Marine Corps Medals, one  Distinguished Flying Cross, four  Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and three  Bronze Star Medals  were awarded to the American military men who served in combat at Pearl Harbor. [xvii]  Also, a special award, the  Pearl Harbor Commem orative Medal, was later made and given to all military veterans of the attack. The day following the attack, Roosevelt gave his now famous  Infamy Speech  to a  Joint Session of Congress, calling for a  declaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress granted this request in less than an hour. On December 11 1941 Germany and Italy, honoring the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the United States. The United States Congress issued a declaration of war later the same day against Germany and Italy.Britain declared war on the Japanese some nine hours before the United States did, mostly because of the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and also due to the promise that Winston Churchill made to declare war â€Å"within the hour† if the Japanese executed an attack against the United States. The attack was a huge shock to the Allies in the Pacific Theater. More losses made the setback even more alarming. Japan  attacked the Philippines just a few short   hours later but because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines.Just a few days after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the  Prince of Wales  and  Repulse,  which were two British ships, were sunk  off the coast of  Malaya, British Prime Minister  Winston Churchill  later said: â€Å"In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the  Indian Ocean  or the  Pacific  except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California.Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked†. [xviii] During the rest of the war, Pearl Harbor was very often used with  American propaganda to promote the war. Another huge reaction by America because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor was that most of the Japanese American residents and citizens were reloca ted to Japanese-American internment  camps. Just a few short hours after the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were arrested and brought to high-security camps that like  Sand Island  and Kilauea Military Camp  located in Hawaii.Later, over 110,000 Japanese Americans, this includes United States citizens, were yanked from their homes and transferred to these high security internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. [xix] As was discussed previously discussed, was America aware of the plans of the attack? Several theorists don’t accept the view that Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise and these theorists always make clear that Roosevelt wanted, though did not say so officially, the U. S. to play a part in the war against Germany.A basic grip of the political situation of 1941 displays reasonable evidence Roosevelt invited, allowed, or even knew of the Pearl Harbor attack. Military historian and novelist  Thomas Fleming  poses the argument that President Roosevelt himself, had wished that Germany or Japan would make the first blow, but did not expect the United States to be hit as hard as it was in the attack on Pearl Harbor. [xx] In closing I feel that the United States was aware of this devastating attack and that my thesis of â€Å"On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japan’s surprise attacks on the U.S. Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. † was well covered through out duration of this research. ———————– [i] The effort to establish the Imperial Way (kodo) had begun with the  Second Sino-Japanese War  (called  sei sen, or â€Å"holy war†, by Japan). Bix, Herbert,  Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. [ii] Japan had fought the  First Sino-Japanese War  with China in 1894-95 and the Russo-Japanese War  with Russia in 1904-05; Japan's imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts. [iii] The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in  London,  United Kingdom  on 9 December 1935. It resulted in the  Second London Naval Treaty  which was signed on 25 March 1936. [iv] Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns,  Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932-1988, 2003, p. 504. [v] The  Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a  battle  between the  Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army  and the  Imperial Japanese Army, often used as the marker for the start of the  Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) [vi] The Rape of Nanking was a  mass murder, and  war rape  that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese  capture  of the city of  Nanking, the former capital of the  Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the  Second Sino-Japanese War. vii] Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, â€Å"Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence† [viii] Richardson, â€Å"On the Treadmill†, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, â€Å"Human Smoke†, p. 239 [ix] Prange, Gordon,  At Dawn We Slept, Penguin Books, p. 25-27 [x] Peattie, Mark R. (2001),  Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, Naval Institute Press [xi] Tony DiGiulian. â€Å"Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941†. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xii] Calvocoressi  et al. ,  The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 52 [xiii] Prange. p. 102 [xiv] Prange. p. 102 [xv] â€Å"Full Pearl Harbor casualty list†. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xvi] â€Å"Full Pearl Harbor casualty list†. Usswes tvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xvii] Prange. p. 454 [xviii]   Churchill, Winston; Martin Gilbert (2001),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"December 1941†,  The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War,  Volume 3: 1941, London, New York: W. W. Norton, p 1593–1594, [xix] Prange. p. 632 [xx]   Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). â€Å"Pearl Harbor Hype†. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Bibliography: Primary:Burtness, Paul, and Warren Ober. â€Å"President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the Unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor: A Research Note.. †Ã‚  Australian Journal of Politics & History;. 57. no. 4 (2011): 580-88. http://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ohiolink. edu:9099/ehost/detail? vid=4&hid=113&[email  protected]&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==, Retrieved 2012-02-21 â€Å"Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941, – the Japanese View† EyeWitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohistory. com (2001). Retrieved 2012-03-01 Harriet Moore, (U. S. Army Nurse Corps 2nd Lt . , interview by Erica Warren, â€Å"Army nurse recalls attack on Pearl Harbor,†Ã‚  North County Times, December 7, 2003, January 31, 2012, http://www. nctimes. com/news/local/article_85b4ea10-e9c2-5af7-8e74-deddc726aa5b. html. Conn, Stetson; Fairchild, Byron; Engelman, Rose C. (2000),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"7 – The Attack on Pearl Harbor†,  Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington D. C. : Center of Military History United States Army â€Å"Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack†,  Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office, 1946, retrieved 2012-02-08 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942 Churchill, Winston; Martin Gilbert (2001),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"December 1941†,  The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War,  Volume 3: 1941, London, New York: W. W. Norton, p 1593–1594, Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, â€Å"Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence† Secondary Bix, Herbert,  Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. Prange, Gordon.At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). â€Å"Pearl Harbor Hype†. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Richardson, â€Å"On the Treadmill†, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, â€Å"Human Smoke† Peattie, Mark R. (2001),  Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, Naval Institute Press Calvocoressi  et al. ,  The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 952 Tony DiGiulian. â€Å"Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941†. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

Counselling Theories Essay

1.Explain the concept of nature versus nurture, using yourself as a case study to illustrate the theory. The concept of nature versus nurture is that human behaviour is influenced by genetic information inherited from our parents and also by environmental and social influences. My appearance such as short sightedness and pigmentation (freckles) I inherited from my parents. This means like my father I must wear glasses to drive and many other aspects of my daily life. Being a woman this heightens my social awareness as how others perceive me. Society dictates ‘the body beautiful’. Magazines, Bill-boards, TV and newspapers constantly suggest the need to have a perfect complexion. This influences how I perceive myself and makes me feel I must wear makeup to cover up such blemishes to appear more acceptable and feel good about myself. Thus this influences my behaviour in everyday life as I feel my appearance determines my acceptance by others. 2.Identify one strength and one weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. One strength of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is the ability to explain addiction to smoking, drinking and narcotics. Children see their family and friends behaviour as socially acceptable and so exhibit these behaviours with little question. This often leads to entrenched social behaviour. This suggests that our early experiences can affect our perspective later in adulthood. One weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that if someone’s behaviour is solely determined by their genes then to what extent are people in control of their lives. For instance people suffering from ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) have the same set of genes but depending on their family, social or cultural upbringing may respond differently to the same situation. 3.Describe Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego. Explain how the ego,  id and superego interact. Use an example from your own experience. Id: Describes the biological or instinctive response. This is our original personality we are born with and controls responses in the early stage of life. Ego: In this second developmental stage, compromises in instinctive responses to environmental circumstances begin to develop. The ego mediates with the id by considering the rules of the real world and the consequences of actions taken in that world. Superego: This is that part of our psyche that determines how we think we should react in a given situation. This is the development of morals, what is right and what is wrong. It is a further development of control over the id response. An example from my own experience is say when I see a piece of cake on display. My id tells me I want to eat the piece of cake, my ego says are you really that hungry. My superego rationalises the situation and asks if I eat the cake unnecessarily, a possible consequence is I will put on weight and so is this the right thing to do? 4.Identify one strength and one weakness of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. One advantage of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it gives a good overall description of development of the human psyche. It recognises the development of personality and physical development stages. It demonstrates the interplay or lack of; between these different aspects of the psychological process and how different outcomes can occur as a consequence of this balance. One weakness of Sigmund Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that not each may be equally well developed. This mix of psyche occurs at different rates for each individual. This can lead to social consequences where individuals will be treated differently causing a hindrance in the future development of the ego and superego. 5. Describe Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and provide an example from your own experience to illustrate the theory. Sensorimotor (Birth 18 months): During this period the baby begins to  recognise the world around them and so develops refined eye movement, depth vision, and later as they begin to explore further learn to crawl and then walk. They start to use simple language ‘mum’, ‘dad’ and other single word responses.   Preoperational (18 months to 6 years): Here the child increases their vocabulary and recognise some simple symbols and how to deal with certain basic situations. They can understand those near to them and begin to categorise the world around them. ï€ ªConcrete operational (6 to 12 years): At this point language skills increase but are still tied to the real world. The ability to reason increases in seeking to understand the world around them. Formal operational (12 years and over): About this point the child begins to explore abstract or hypothetical situations. There is an attempt to organise thoughts and situations into a logical ordering. From my own experience while I cannot remember the first two stages but I have seen them in my children’s growing up. At the age of 12 my daughter started to explore cooking for herself at first making cakes and more complicated meals. She started to ask such questions regarding instructions on packet mixes before progressing to more complicated cooking such as a bacon, tomato and onion omelette. More recently she has started to explore more complex issues and why people do what they do. 6.Identify one strength and one weakness of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development demonstrate an important connection between physical development and personality stages. A criticism levelled at Piaget however was that he used his own children and others from a well educated and high socio-economic background. This selection is thus not fully representative of all society. Further children from different environment and cultural backgrounds may mature differently. Thus the age classification of the different stages may be much wider with some children developing at an earlier age and some later. 7.List Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages of development. Which stage do you see yourself in and why? (1)Oral sensory (0 – 1 year) (2)Muscular anal (2 – 3 years) (3)Locomotor-genital (3 – 5 years) (4)Latency (6 years – puberty) (5)Adolescence (12 – 18 years) (6)Early adulthood (18 – 35 years) (7)Middle adulthood (35– 60 years) (8)Mature adult (60+ years) I’m at stage 7 according to Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. I am 40 years old, I have a family, a career and have organized as much as is possible my future life which now includes further education. 8.Identify one strength and one weakness of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. A strength of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it places greater stress in the nature versus nurture debate for the need for both concepts. Further this description is placed across an entire lifespan of a human being. A criticism, however, is that this theory describes the developmental process rather than explaining it.

Workplace Diversity and Work/Life Balance Essay - 1455 Words

Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness. Organizational behavior is dependent upon many variables. It incorporates many areas of study such as psychology, sociology and anthropology. These disciplines are important in trying to manage new and existing challenges in the workplace. Two examples of current workplace challenges are workplace diversity and the constant struggle to balance work life and home life. Workplace diversity has become a growing concern within organizations. Managers are now challenged with learning new ways to†¦show more content†¦Much of the issue with workplace diversity stems from the fear of individuals that their co-workers are different or unlike them. This proves to make communication and staffing difficult for managers as it is important to not hurt anyone’s feelings or promote any kind of discrimination. To aid in preventing discrimination, managers must first understand their own, preconceived notions and work to not judge others based on those thoughts; it is important for managers and senior leadership to lead by example. An example of a possible preconceived notion could be that older employees are slower producers and perhaps incapable of learning new processes and technologies. The previous statement is not true, in fact on the contrary, older workers have a strong work ethic and bring a wealth of experience to the workplace. Additionally, older employees are less likely to quit their jobs and have a lower rate of absenteeism (Robbins). Overcoming workplace diversity challenges can bring exciting opportunities for an organization. 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