King’s attitude towards slavery Essay Example for Free

King’s mentality towards bondage Essay Compromise struck King as supernaturally just, and he suggested a similar practice for the United States. He recommended this was the main good and down to earth approach to bring the Negro’s stand-ups to a reasonable level. Compromise as remuneration was such a smart thought in King’s mind in light of the fact that the training would bolster the opportunity of the human character and lead to an equitable society. He likewise accepted that it would make opportunity genuine and considerable for the individuals of color. He never accepted that the unimportant nonappearance of integrated open lodging would completely free the human character and build up an equitable society. Albeit numerous whites were against him, he started to underline his conviction that genuine and generous opportunity just as the commands of the equitable society, require not integrated open offices yet additionally the financial merchandise that would permit blacks to utilize such offices. Lord compared liberating the blacks and leaving them simply like that to giving a couple of shoes to a man who has not figured out how to walk. His point was that opportunity from integration requires the material products to appreciate opportunity from incorporation. King’s own reaction to the Johnson organization was to post for state expiation for the Disadvantaged. In King’s see, similarly as the state appropriately remunerated World War II veterans for the time they spent away from their home, employments, so too should it repay blacks for their long stretches of subjugation. He contended that solitary a couple of individuals considered the way that notwithstanding being oppressed for two centuries, the Negro was during each one of those years, looted of wages of his work. He accepted that no measure of gold could give sufficient remuneration to the mental unrest brought about by subjugation, however that a cost could be set upon unpaid wages. King’s extra conjugal issues It is evident that King carried out a great deal of beneficial things, the greater part of which depended on unadulterated moral principles. In any case, there are some moral difficulties that were hard for him, and the most widely recognized is the sexual associations with numerous ladies. Two years in the wake of King wedded his significant other Coretta, he started his work in the social liberties development. He left his young spouse and child to seek after undertakings that would take him a long way from home, setting aside his better half, and keeping in mind that he was home, he invested a great deal of energy in the telephone. His companions who were stressed of what these extramarital issues would do to his notoriety forewarned him about the significance of maintaining a strategic distance from the presence of bad behavior. They likewise forewarned him that because of his unmistakable quality, he would turn into the objective of those trying to ruin him. He was likewise warmed that ladies could turn into his ruin on the off chance that he neglected to oppose this allurement. Lord neglected to take these admonitions. When he won the Nobel Peace Price of 1964, his relations with ladies outside his marriage were a long way from mystery. Wiley Branton, a nearby partner of King moved toward him about the subject when he couldn't disregard the bits of gossip. He told lord that associates had communicated worry over his conduct and were stressed that he would get injured, however King was lethargic. The point again thought of another companion, and this time King reacted that since he was from home most of every month, sex filled in as an approach to lessen his uneasiness. King’s disposition towards cash While ruler made some hard memories opposing sexual allurement, the compulsion to benefit from his distinction was in no way, shape or form an enticement for him. He had never honey bee impacted by the possibility of bringing in cash. Actually, while in school he had built up a resistance to his father’s worry with cash. His absence of want for material belongings expanded after he visited India. Indeed, even his significant other detected an adjustment in him. She said that this developing magnanimity had prompted his undeniably pretentious mentality toward his attire and appearance, which up to that point he had invested heavily in. Since his school a very long time at the Morehouse, King had delighted in decent dress. His magnanimity likewise influenced the budgetary status of SCLC. At the point when he won the Nobel Peace Prize, he gave the value cash to the gathering, regardless of the complaint of his better half. She needed to put a portion of the cash aside for school for their youngsters, yet King demanded that the cash go in full to the SCLC. Afterward, when two board individuals recommended that he acknowledge a compensation from the association, King declined the offer. He clarified that his pay from Ebenezer Baptist church and the whole that he shielded from talking and composing was sufficient to help his family. End Due to King’s heritage as a man of good man, his shadow continued much after his death. The poor people’s crusade at first was related to the martyred prophet, not with his replacement. The objectives King built up, particularly for the crusade of fairness among the whites and the blacks were presumably inaccessible, however King-the-image stayed clean by disappointment. Notwithstanding the magnetism of his administration, King had clear systems for accomplishing objectives. He accepted that other than the utilization of legitimate strategies, the central government was an essential partner. Ruler accepted that in view of man’s wickedness, a controlling power was required. As per him, it was the administration that could neutralize aggregate malevolence. His definitive objective in a large number of his crusades was to drive the national government to act. Over and over, his procedure worked. From the research project, unmistakably his administration was two crease. He had the option to assemble blacks, while simultaneously speaking to the awareness of the whites. King’s impact was because of a few elements. To African Americans, his experience was established operating at a profit network, he was a Baptist minister, and his scholarly preparing joined with strict confidence gave the initiative abilities he required. To white Americans, he was an African American with the phenomenal capacity to persuade them regarding the malice of isolation. His words conveyed an amazing punch that, while what he was stating about isolation was not new, he blended an ethical arousing. Establishing his position was his administration through peaceful opposition, which spoke to tolerability and the shared trait of humankind that, up to that point, had been overlooked. Reference 1) Long M. G. (2002). Against us, yet for us: Martin Luther King, Jr. what's more, the state. California; Mercer University Press

Large Voter Turnout in Lebanon Elections :: essays research papers

Numerous voters came back to the places where they grew up in Mount Lebanon, the nation's most crowded region, and to the Bekaa Valley to cast their polling forms in the third of four rounds of amazed parliamentary races, the main liberated from the predominance of Syrian powers in about three decades. Against Syrian powers need a solid appearing in Sunday's vote - in any event 45 seats for a greater part - to win a firm handle on the 128-part Parliament and wean it of Damascus' control. Be that as it may, the crusade has prompted some astounding partnerships and a few races were a photo finish. Lines shaped outside surveying stations in Mount Lebanon, a mountain district encompassing Beirut and extending north and south of the city. Part of the way through the democratic, turnout bested 50 percent in certain regions, Prime Minister Najib Mikati said. Michel Aoun, who as of late broke with different rivals of Damascus and fashioned collusions with ace Syrian lawmakers to frame an enemy of debasement ticket, was among the first to cast a ballot. He showed up under substantial watchman at a surveying station Haret Hreik, a Shiite Muslim southern suburb of Beirut that is the fortification of the genius Syrian activist gathering Hezbollah. Around 200 supporters rooted for and hailed the Christian head, who got back in May following 14 years' outcast in France. Aoun, who was making his first outing to his old neighborhood in over 20 years, said he trusted his Free Patriotic Movement would make a big appearance in Parliament with at any rate 12 seats. At long last, we as a whole bow before the individuals' will, he told correspondents. The previous general was the fundamental challenger of the counter Syrian restriction in Mount Lebanon and his prosperity could hurt the resistance's drive to increase a dominant part in the lawmaking body and, contingent upon the quantity of seats he gains, could put forth him a key player in the attempt to end Syrian control. Druse restriction pioneer Walid Jumblatt, who has guaranteed that genius Syrians brought Aoun out of outcast to separate the resistance, promised not to permit the previous general to take our triumph. We are establishing the frameworks for a moderate, free Lebanon, Jumblatt said of his union with conservative Christians, Hezbollah and Saad Hariri, the child of the killed previous Premier Rafik Hariri. Jumblatt, as well, has produced coalitions with genius Syrians like Hezbollah and the Shiite Amal gathering. About 1.2 million people more than 21 are qualified to cast a ballot Sunday. Exactly 100 competitors are contending in Mount Lebanon for 35 seats, allotted to various factions as indicated by Lebanon's capacity sharing political framework. Huge Voter Turnout in Lebanon Elections :: expositions inquire about papers Numerous voters came back to the places where they grew up in Mount Lebanon, the nation's most crowded region, and to the Bekaa Valley to cast their voting forms in the third of four rounds of stunned parliamentary decisions, the main liberated from the strength of Syrian powers in about three decades. Against Syrian powers need a solid appearing in Sunday's vote - at any rate 45 seats for a dominant part - to win a firm handle on the 128-part Parliament and wean it of Damascus' control. Be that as it may, the battle has prompted some astounding coalitions and a few races were a real heart stopper. Lines shaped outside surveying stations in Mount Lebanon, a mountain locale encompassing Beirut and extending north and south of the city. Part of the way through the democratic, turnout beat 50 percent in certain territories, Prime Minister Najib Mikati said. Michel Aoun, who as of late broke with different rivals of Damascus and fashioned unions with professional Syrian government officials to frame an enemy of defilement ticket, was among the first to cast a ballot. He showed up under substantial watchman at a surveying station Haret Hreik, a Shiite Muslim southern suburb of Beirut that is the fortress of the ace Syrian activist gathering Hezbollah. Around 200 supporters rooted for and hailed the Christian chief, who got back in May following 14 years' outcast in France. Aoun, who was making his first outing to his old neighborhood in over 20 years, said he trusted his Free Patriotic Movement would make a big appearance in Parliament with in any event 12 seats. At long last, we as a whole bow before the individuals' will, he told journalists. The previous general was the fundamental challenger of the counter Syrian restriction in Mount Lebanon and his prosperity could hurt the resistance's drive to increase a lion's share in the assembly and, contingent upon the quantity of seats he gains, could put forth him a key player in the attempt to end Syrian control. Druse resistance pioneer Walid Jumblatt, who has asserted that ace Syrians brought Aoun out of outcast to partition the restriction, promised not to permit the previous general to take our triumph. We are establishing the frameworks for a moderate, free Lebanon, Jumblatt said of his partnership with conservative Christians, Hezbollah and Saad Hariri, the child of the killed previous Premier Rafik Hariri. Jumblatt, as well, has manufactured coalitions with professional Syrians like Hezbollah and the Shiite Amal gathering. About 1.2 million people more than 21 are qualified to cast a ballot Sunday. Nearly 100 competitors are contending in Mount Lebanon for 35 seats, distributed to various factions as indicated by Lebanon's capacity sharing political framework.

The Best Subreddits for University Students

The Best Subreddits for University Students The Best Student Resources on the Internet The Best Student Resources on the Internet The vast majority of students at postsecondary institutions around the world are likely not fully aware of the range of student resources they have at their disposal, both on and off campus. While it is easy to Google queries and find answers to questions on the fly, crafty students understand that there are a wealth of resources on the internet which can, and should be consulted on a regular basis to make university life more manageable and enjoyable. Chances are, too, that if you are a university student you, like most people, are not immune to spending counterproductively large amounts of time on places like Reddit. Luckily, Reddit is not an inherent waste of time. It’s how you use and browse the site that makes all the difference. Below are some of the best subreddits you can subscribe to if you are a university student. Personal finance One of the biggest knowledge gaps in the world that can heavily dictate individual success, across cultures, is the financial literacy gap. Most people, if they are not completely financially illiterate, don’t really know enough to competently manage their personal finances. It’s not their fault. Most societies fail to make it a priority at either the secondary, or postsecondary level. The financial literacy gap, however, isn’t just a matter of forgone knowledge, it can translate into thousands of dollars for university students. If you are in the process of curating your Reddit home page, consider checking out the personal finance subreddit. Personal finance is subscribed to by over 13.5 million people, and contains troves of knowledge about how to make personal financial decisions, big and small. Many of the people commenting and responding to questions are experienced financial services professionals, or people who have already had to ask and answer the same questions in the past. It is a great resource to check up on daily, or even just when you have a finance question you need answered. Eat cheap and healthy Another great student resource on Reddit is the subreddit “Eat Cheap and Healthy.” Part of academic success comes down to how well you look after your mind and body. You can only push yourself so hard on substandard fuel and sleep before your body starts refusing to cooperate. If you know what you are eating is trash and, furthermore, if you are spending too much money on hollow calories (fast food is actually surprisingly expensive), check out this subreddit for meal tips. It might completely revolutionize how you think about eating and shopping while studying. Many people, especially students, are under the impression that university is about sacrificing your eating and dietary standards for four years for the sake of your education. The old familiar trope of university students eating packaged ramen noodles for breakfast, lunch, and dinner is still a popular one. But you can actually eat quite healthily on a budget if you know how to shop and what to make. This subreddit has great information and tips for doing so, and provides a lot of inspiration. Your school’s main or student resources subreddit Reddit has now become the third most popular website in the United States after Google (number 1, obviously), and YouTube. Reddit has real pop-cultural, political, and social influence, meaning that is has become an important part of most businesses and institutions’ online presence. If you go to a big, well-recognized university, and even at many smaller ones, there is a good chance they have their own reddit page. These are another category of good subreddits for students, and often act as supplementary student resources for people wanting to know what is going on around campus. They often contain threads about deals, or offers to be found on campus that might otherwise be poorly advertised, as well as information about events, rallies, protests etc. that are of consequence to student life on campus. It could also function as a way to meet like-minded people. If you find someone talking about something you find interesting, or are having a conversation with a fellow-student and it is engaging and seems to be going well, you can even send them a private message and ask if they’d like to meet for a coffee, or a beer, etc. Your area of study’s subreddit(2) Another great student resource to be found on reddit are subreddits that have to do with your area of study. The subreddit “Engineering,” for instance has 210,000 subscribers. The “Political Science” subreddit has 10,800 subscribers, the “Philosophy” subreddit has 13.5 million subscribers, and the “Ask History” subreddit has 22,900 subscribers. These are just a few examples of discipline-specific subreddits. These kinds of subs are great places to ask people questions (often scholars, or experts), get pointed in the right direction before you start an essay, or find information and inspiration if you are stuck on a topic. Additionally, there are writing services out there that can help you plan, or edit a paper if you feel it needs some extra love and care. If you don’t already have a profile on Reddit, they are anonymous and free to make, and allow you to interact with millions of people from around the world who are a wealth of new information and inspiration. Reddit is definitely one of the most helpful student resources out there. Whether you use Reddit on a regular basis for news and entertainment, or are completely new to the platform, there are so many great subreddits to add to your list of subscriptions that are truly helpful and beneficial to university students. Instead of spending all your time on Reddit consuming gossip and media that doesnt improve your knowledge, or make your life better and easier, think about ways to leverage the website’s immense potential to your advantage. Keep the above subreddits for university students in mind, and for all other academic and writing-related matters, reach out to Homework Help Global 24 hours a day, 365 days per year. References: Farrington, R. (2014). “The financial literacy gap costs college graduates thousands.” Forbes. Retrieved from: #7930ac694fb2 Desreumaux, G. (2018). “Sorry Facebook, Reddit is now the Third Most Popular Site in the U.S.” Wersm. Retrieved from: The Best Subreddits for University Students The Best Student Resources on the Internet The Best Student Resources on the Internet The vast majority of students at postsecondary institutions around the world are likely not fully aware of the range of student resources they have at their disposal, both on and off campus. While it is easy to Google queries and find answers to questions on the fly, crafty students understand that there are a wealth of resources on the internet which can, and should be consulted on a regular basis to make university life more manageable and enjoyable. Chances are, too, that if you are a university student you, like most people, are not immune to spending counterproductively large amounts of time on places like Reddit. Luckily, Reddit is not an inherent waste of time. It’s how you use and browse the site that makes all the difference. Below are some of the best subreddits you can subscribe to if you are a university student. Personal finance One of the biggest knowledge gaps in the world that can heavily dictate individual success, across cultures, is the financial literacy gap. Most people, if they are not completely financially illiterate, don’t really know enough to competently manage their personal finances. It’s not their fault. Most societies fail to make it a priority at either the secondary, or postsecondary level. The financial literacy gap, however, isn’t just a matter of forgone knowledge, it can translate into thousands of dollars for university students. If you are in the process of curating your Reddit home page, consider checking out the personal finance subreddit. Personal finance is subscribed to by over 13.5 million people, and contains troves of knowledge about how to make personal financial decisions, big and small. Many of the people commenting and responding to questions are experienced financial services professionals, or people who have already had to ask and answer the same questions in the past. It is a great resource to check up on daily, or even just when you have a finance question you need answered. Eat cheap and healthy Another great student resource on Reddit is the subreddit “Eat Cheap and Healthy.” Part of academic success comes down to how well you look after your mind and body. You can only push yourself so hard on substandard fuel and sleep before your body starts refusing to cooperate. If you know what you are eating is trash and, furthermore, if you are spending too much money on hollow calories (fast food is actually surprisingly expensive), check out this subreddit for meal tips. It might completely revolutionize how you think about eating and shopping while studying. Many people, especially students, are under the impression that university is about sacrificing your eating and dietary standards for four years for the sake of your education. The old familiar trope of university students eating packaged ramen noodles for breakfast, lunch, and dinner is still a popular one. But you can actually eat quite healthily on a budget if you know how to shop and what to make. This subreddit has great information and tips for doing so, and provides a lot of inspiration. Your school’s main or student resources subreddit Reddit has now become the third most popular website in the United States after Google (number 1, obviously), and YouTube. Reddit has real pop-cultural, political, and social influence, meaning that is has become an important part of most businesses and institutions’ online presence. If you go to a big, well-recognized university, and even at many smaller ones, there is a good chance they have their own reddit page. These are another category of good subreddits for students, and often act as supplementary student resources for people wanting to know what is going on around campus. They often contain threads about deals, or offers to be found on campus that might otherwise be poorly advertised, as well as information about events, rallies, protests etc. that are of consequence to student life on campus. It could also function as a way to meet like-minded people. If you find someone talking about something you find interesting, or are having a conversation with a fellow-student and it is engaging and seems to be going well, you can even send them a private message and ask if they’d like to meet for a coffee, or a beer, etc. Your area of study’s subreddit(2) Another great student resource to be found on reddit are subreddits that have to do with your area of study. The subreddit “Engineering,” for instance has 210,000 subscribers. The “Political Science” subreddit has 10,800 subscribers, the “Philosophy” subreddit has 13.5 million subscribers, and the “Ask History” subreddit has 22,900 subscribers. These are just a few examples of discipline-specific subreddits. These kinds of subs are great places to ask people questions (often scholars, or experts), get pointed in the right direction before you start an essay, or find information and inspiration if you are stuck on a topic. Additionally, there are writing services out there that can help you plan, or edit a paper if you feel it needs some extra love and care. If you don’t already have a profile on Reddit, they are anonymous and free to make, and allow you to interact with millions of people from around the world who are a wealth of new information and inspiration. Reddit is definitely one of the most helpful student resources out there. Whether you use Reddit on a regular basis for news and entertainment, or are completely new to the platform, there are so many great subreddits to add to your list of subscriptions that are truly helpful and beneficial to university students. Instead of spending all your time on Reddit consuming gossip and media that doesnt improve your knowledge, or make your life better and easier, think about ways to leverage the website’s immense potential to your advantage. Keep the above subreddits for university students in mind, and for all other academic and writing-related matters, reach out to Homework Help Global 24 hours a day, 365 days per year. References: Farrington, R. (2014). “The financial literacy gap costs college graduates thousands.” Forbes. Retrieved from: #7930ac694fb2 Desreumaux, G. (2018). “Sorry Facebook, Reddit is now the Third Most Popular Site in the U.S.” Wersm. Retrieved from:

Where Is Iron Found On The Periodic Table

Small Business Contracts Essay - 1003 Words

Sharon and Don decided to do business together via a verbal agreement. Don is already a small business owner of a local health food business. Sharon found out that Don was an owner of a business in the area after meeting him. Don became interested in Sharon’s family’s products once she showed him their products. Don and Sharon agree to sell samples of her family’s products in his store. When the products started selling well in Don’s store, he contacted Sharon to order more of the family’s products. For some time Don placed orders with Sharon’s family, and received awesome customer service. Sharon’s company would deliver the products that Don requested at the same rate and in a timely fashion. Upon receiving the order or orders, Don†¦show more content†¦The definition of implied covenant is, â€Å"parties cannot intentionally or purposely do anything which will destroy or injure the other party’s right to receive the f ruits of the contract† (Anderson, 2012, p. 1). If the contract that Sharon’s 17 year old son signed with Don requires that they do continue to do business with him it is a possibility that the contract may be legal, based on the laws of their state. Minor’s capacity to contract Legally binding arrangements when it comes to contacts there are people that have the lack of legal liability. Minors are placed in a special category and if they sign a contract the agreement is considered voidable by them. Voidable means that the person that signed the contract, that lacks the capacity to enter into a contract, can void the contract or go ahead with the contract. Since Sharon’s 17 year old son is considered a minor in most states he would be considered to have the lack capacity to make a contract. Since there is not much information about the contract and or state, it seems as though the contract that the 17 year old signed can be voided. Fraud in the execution of a contract Sec. 229. Fraud In Execution – Contents of Written Contract – â€Å"The commonest form of fraud in the factum exists where an instrument is writing is drawn up and signed by one party under a false belief as to its contents, due to the fraud of the adversary party. In such case the contract is generally held to beShow MoreRelatedHybrid Contracts for Small Business927 Words   |  4 PagesHybrid Contracts for Small Business Introduction There are many different forms of contracts in which the CEO of a small local business could use to try to acquire business from the local Navy base. Most traditional contracts are composed of either fixed price contracts or cost reimbursement type contractual arrangements. However, a new type of contract has emerged that offers small businesses alternatives to the traditional bidding structures. The new alternatives to traditional contracts offerRead MoreThe Department Of Defense Subcontracting Plan Programs, Acts, And Policies Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagessubcontracting has on small businesses, and how subcontracting plans are managed. Acts and Policies The Small Business Act, and subsequent reassuring public laws direct that the Government place a fair portion of its acquisitions, including contracts and subcontracts for subsystems, assemblies, components, and related services for major systems, with Small Business concerns, HUBZone Small Business, Small Disadvantaged Business, Women-Owned Small Business, Veteran-Owned Small Business, Service DisabledRead MorePurpose Of The Federal Small Business Program1544 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose of the federal small business program; include a historical aspect of the Government regulations that created the program: The U.S. Small Business Administration was founded on July 30, 1953, and has delivered millions of loans, contracts, counseling sessions, loan guarantees, and other types of assistance to small businesses. Even though SBA was formally created in 1953, its philosophy and mission began to form years earlier in other agencies and began largely as a response to the pressuresRead MoreThe Historically Underutilized Business Zones ( Hubzone )1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBzone) is a program created under the Small Business Reauthorization act of 1997. The goal of HUBzone is to â€Å"help small businesses in urban and rural communities gain preferential access to federal procurement opportunities.† The program was designed so an increase in federal contract opportunities could in turn promote employment opportunities, investment, and economic development in designated HUBzones. HUBzones are defined as nonmetropolitan countiesRead MoreEff ective Advocates For Small Business Utilization Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesTo be effective advocates for small business utilization in DoD acquisitions, Small Business Professionals (SBPs) need to participate early in the acquisition process and throughout it, and become trusted members of the team. To accomplish this, SBPs must be knowledgeable of pre- and post-award support they can provide to the acquisition team, as well as how small businesses can help DoD meet its procurement requirements. SBPs have the greatest influence during the pre-solicitation phase of theRead MoreBuilding A Small Business At An Affordable Cost1218 Words   |  5 Pagesglobal businesses are: †¢ The opportunity to operate a small business at an affordable cost. For an individual to run a small business, the shared office space is beneficial because of the low overhead cost that divides costs among other small business owners. In Canada, the concept of shared office space is popular. According to the Canada Innovation, Science and Economic Development there are eleven companies registered and doing business in the capacity of SOS. The two largest firms in CanadaRead MoreBenefits Of A Small Business967 Words   |  4 PagesSmall-Business Preference Service-Disabled Veterans have earned the right to receive certain preferences for government contracting because they volunteered to serve their country. Congress established programs to benefit Service-Disabled Veterans, choose three programs and describe these programs. Explain how these programs benefit a small business over a large business. Small Disadvantaged Business The Small Disadvantage Business was established by Congress to provide an opportunity to businessesRead MoreHistory Of The Small Business Program1382 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of the small business program, explain the small business set-aside program, assess the dollar threshold for small business contracts, the purpose of source selection evaluation plan, and ranking of criteria for the scenario. History of the Small Business Program In 1932, President Hoover tried to mitigate the Great Depression by creating The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The purpose of the RFC was to try to help businesses no matter what size large and small by providing federalRead MoreSubcontracting Plans And Its Impact On The United States1058 Words   |  5 PagesSubcontracting Plans Small businesses in the United States (U.S.) have a major impact on the economy, affecting employment, sales and patents. The Small Business Association estimated that small businesses account for 54% of all U.S. sales, 55% of existing jobs and 66% of all new jobs. They account for 40% of retail sales, providing employment for 8 million people. Small businesses are responsible for producing 13 times more patents than larger firms, and constitute 40% of business receipts in theRead MoreHistory Of The Small Business Program1500 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of the small business program, explain the small business set-aside program, assess the dollar threshold for small business contracts, the purpose of source selection evaluation plan, and ranking of criteria for the scenario. History of the Small Business Program In 1932, President Hoover tried to mitigate the Great Depression by creating The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The purpose of the RFC was to try to help businesses no matter what size large and small by providing federal

Marijuana and its Legalization Free Essays

The legality of marijuana has been a hot topic debated upon for years. However, upon close inspection of studies and articles, it is clear that it is in the better interest of the government to lift the ban on marijuana. The first thing I learned from the inquiry into this issue was that prohibition fails to control the use and production of marijuana. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana and its Legalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the contrary, the illegal aspect tickles the curiosity of teenagers, resulting in opportunists seizing this chance to sell marijuana to them. The marijuana is distributed in schools by student dealers who learn to make easy money, and these students may be lead into the crime industries. The problem exists in the ubiquitous nature of marijuana and it not being the highest priority of the police. The distribution is not being controlled and neither are sources of the marijuana, which misses the reason of existence for prohibition. In fact, through legalizing marijuana usage, the government can earn a plethora of money through taxing, the price can be controlled to be of proper value instead of the underground pricing, and the number of illegal dealers would decrease due to marijuana not being as profitable. In a survey conducted by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, they reported that â€Å"teens could more readily access pot than beer or prescription drugs. What makes alcohol different from marijuana is that alcohol is legal, regulated through age restrictions, and taught in public education about its awareness. For instance, in high school, there are no such things as alcohol dealers or tobacco dealers, which leads to the need of a middle-man who is of age to buy such products. That middle man is often an older student who has to go out of his way to buy alcohol or tobacco which is a great hassle, whereas marijuana is easily found within the student population. People may argue that it is the pure danger of marijuana that led to its prohibition, but contrary to popular belief, it is said that marijuana was made illegal in the US for population control of Mexicans and Black people. Harry J. Anslinger, the director of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics remarked that the reason for the ban of marijuana was â€Å"its effect on the degenerate races. † There is no scientific evidence that such known side effects as schizophrenia, heart attacks or cancer are actually caused by marijuana and therefore the danger of the drug cannot be the reason being illegal. However, due to marijuana smokers being disoriented and having loss of coordination and logical thought, it would be more reasonable to make certain activities or actions illegal when influenced by marijuana instead, similarly to alcohol. Lastly, the research showed that keeping marijuana illegal is more expensive than lobbying it. Apparently the government’s â€Å"War on Drugs† results in millions of dollars in losses when locking people related to marijuana in prison, paying for their food, housing, health care, attorney fees, and court costs. All this is paid by taxpayer money which are meant for and could be used for other things concerning the country. Also, as stated in the above, the government is missing out on tax opportunities that could be in turn used for more effective drug education programs. If marijuana were legal the government would have much more money to spend on important problems. Even in our neighbourhoods, hundreds of students are smoking cannabis. Instead of having a large portion of our population having to smoke illegally, it would be more advisable to free the ban and profit from the perks of legalizing marijuana. How to cite Marijuana and its Legalization, Papers

Issues in Harmonization of Accounting Standards-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Harmonization of the Accounting Standards with the International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS). Answer: Introduction The harmonization of the accounting standards refers to the process of aligning the local accounting standards of a country with the international accounting standards. The primary objective of harmonization is to achieve the comparability in the financial reporting. Different countries have different accounting practices; the harmonization is an attempt to reduce the differences in the accounting practices adopted by different countries (Wang, 2011). In the context of this, a report has been presented to provide discussion on the harmonization of the accounting standards. For the analysis of practical case, WIPRO Limited listed on the National Stock Exchange of India has been chosen. Reasons for Harmonization The accounting standards and practices are set out by the government of a country by referring to the economic environment of that country. The economic environment of countries is bound to be different. Thus, there arise differences in the accounting standards and the practices of the countries (Franklin, 2012). The difference in accounting practices of countries is the primary reason that laid to harmonization. As has already been iterated that harmonization of the accounting standards brings in parity in the financial reporting of two companies that operate in two different countries. The local accounting standards of a country are modified or changed to make them in line with the international accounting standards through the harmonization process (Franklin, 2012). It is crucial to understand that harmonization is different from convergence. In the convergence process, the local accounting standards of a country are changed to incorporate the provisions of the international accounting standards. However, in the harmonization process, the local accounting standards are modified only to the extent these are in conflict with the international accounting standards. In the harmonization process, the local accounting standards are allowed to keep and retain the provisions that can not be altered due to peculiarities of the economic environment of a country. For example, Indian GAAP harmonizes the accounting standards to make them aligned with the international accounting standard but simultaneously it also provides curve outs. The curve outs have been issued to provide for the areas in the accounting standard which are to be kept and retained and not be adopted from international accounting standard (KPMG, 2014). The harmonization also assists the companies in raising capital at the international platform. In order to raise capital at the international platform, it is essential for a company to prepare and present its financial statements in accordance with the international accounting practices (Wang, 2011). Thus, by adopting the harmonization process, the local accounting standards are aligned with the international accounting standards. Due to this harmonization, the financial statements prepared by the companies become comparable which makes it easy for the investors to evaluate the companys financial performance. The evaluation of financial performance of the company is an important exercise in the investment decision. Thus, if the investor is not able to evaluate the financial performance of a company due to the reasons that its financial statements have been prepared using different accounting practices, he would not be able to make out the decision to invest in the company (Wang, 2011 ). In the context of Indian economy, it is essential to promote high quality financial reporting practices for the overall economic growth. One way to improve the quality of accounting practices in India is to make the modifications in the accounting practices to align them with the international accounting practices (Kaur, 2014). Thus, harmonization of the Indian accounting standards is critical for the economic growth in India. It is perceived that the improvement in the accounting practices through harmonization of the accounting standards in India would help the trade and business grow. As the harmonization of the Indian accounting practices will help in developing capital markets, improve access to credit, and developing the financial sector. It will bring in the financial stability which is crucial for the sustainable economic growth. The Indian economy is on the development pathway and it needs the financial support at the international platform to grow rapidly. However, it is po ssible only when India harmonizes its accounting and financial reporting practices with the international standards. The harmonization of the Indian accounting standards with the international accounting standards would bring transparency in the system which is much needed for economic growth (Kaur, 2014). Issues in Harmonization of Accounting Standards It is considered that the high quality accounting practices coupled with the stringent governance mechanism are the basics for economic development. In order to improve the accounting practices and the governance system in the country, it is essential to increase transparency and fix accountability (Griff, 2014). In this direction, one of the endeavors of the government is the harmonization of the accounting standards with the international accounting standards. However, the process of harmonization of the accounting standards with the international accounting standards is not easy. There are various economic, political, and social obstacles that come in the way of harmonization process. It is important to find out resolutions to the issues and problems that are being faced in the process of harmonization to make it a successful mission (Griff, 2014). The first issue that comes in the way of harmonization process is the differences in the economic environment of the developing and the developed countries. The characteristics of a developing country will be different from those of a developed country. However, the international accounting standards equally apply to all the countries; thus, there would be certain things that are not suitable to the economic environment of the developing countries (Bensadon Praquin, 2016). Further, there arise issues from the political view point also. The harmonization of the accounting standards is given effect through a legal process only. The political parties have influence over the legal processes, thus, the political differences could arise when considering approving the harmonization process. Particularly, in the democratic country like India, the political issues are most likely to arise (Bensadon Praquin, 2016). Further, taking a narrow view point, the harmonization of the accounting standards will also cause changes in other laws of the country. The accounting standards are issued under the authority of the corporations/companies act (Wong, 2014). Thus, the harmonization process would first lead to changes in the corporations act. Further, the consequent changes in the various other laws could also be required such as taxation laws and securities exchange laws and regulations. Thus, the harmonization of the accounting standards is not a one step process. It will require substantial changes in the legal system of the country, which could make it a time consuming process (Wong, 2014). Further, in addition to the above, the most critical issue arises for the small and medium sized enterprises. It has been considered that the international accounting standards will add complexity to accounting process of the small and medium sized firms (Wong, 2014). Further, it is also argued that the international accounting standards are not as relevant to the small and medium sized firms as these are to the large corporations. The adoption of international accounting standards by the small and medium sized firms not only adds complexities to the accounting process but it will also cause additional costs being incurred by these firms. Further, the issues may arise in regards to understanding of the international accounting standards in the small firms. In the absence of adequate training, the small firms may not be able to apply the international accounting standards appropriately (Wong, 2014). In India, the ministry of corporate affairs has declared harmonization of the Indian accounting standards with the international accounting standards. The convergence of Indian accounting standards is in the process. The Indian government has replaced the old accounting standards with the new Indian accounting standards in its endeavor to converge with the international accounting standards (RSM, 2017). The new Indian accounting standards have been prepared on the lines of international accounting standards. Further, the new Indian accounting standards have been made applicable to the companies in the phased manner. The listed entities and the unlisted public companies with net worth of ? 500 cores or more have been mandated to prepare their financial statements for the year 2016-17 in accordance with new Indian accounting standards (RSM, 2017). In the convergence and implementation of the accounting standards many issues have been faced in India. Firstly, the Indian economy is characterized as a developing economy and the international accounting standards are framed from the view point of developed countries. Thus, the difference in the nature of economy is an issue itself. Secondly, India is a democratic country which means that the political challenges are severe in regards to approval and implementation of the converged accounting standards (Siddiqui, 2011). There have been endeavors since the year 2011 to converge and implement the converged accounting standards, but the same is yet to be implemented in the full phase. The Indian accounting standards differs significantly from the international accounting standards on the aspects of fair value measurements. Thus, it is really difficult for the companies to adopt the converged accounting standards in the accounting areas which require fair value measurements such as fin ancial instruments, employee stock options, and valuation of the assets (Siddiqui, 2011). Case Study to Illustrate the Attempt to Harmonization In order to demonstrate the issues and challenges in adoption of the harmonized accounting standards and under the same from the practical view point, it is necessary to analyze case of a company. It has been observed that the converged accounting standards in India have been made applicable for the listed and other big size public companies from the financial year 2016-17 (RSM, 2017). Therefore, the financial statements of the companies under the new financial reporting regime are yet to publish. However, WIPRO Limited listed on the national stock exchange (NSE) of India has been proactive in adopting the international accounting standards for the financial reporting purposes. WIPRO Limited is engaged in the business of information technology services and it operates worldwide in many countries. The company has prepared the financial statement of the year 2016-17 in accordance with the Ind AS which are converged Indian accounting standards (Annual WIPRO, 2016). In the year 2016-17, the company has prepared the financial statement in accordance with the Ind AS for the first time. The process of migration from the old India GAAP to the new Indian GAAP has been successful in the company. However, there have been various challenges in front of the management in changing the accounting policies to make them align with the Ind AS. The financial impact of adoption of Ind AS on WIPROs financial performance and position has been depicted as shown below: Figure 1: Impact of Adoption of Ind AS (Annual WIPRO, 2016) It could be observed from the chart presented above that there has been positive impact on the shareholders equity. Due to adoption of the Ind AS, the shareholders equity has increased from ?409,052 to ?412,257 in the year 2016. Further, the profitability has also increased under the new reporting regime. The net profit of the company was ?80,990 in the year 2016 under the old GAAP, however the same increased to ?82,005 under the new GAAP (Annual WIPRO, 2016). The differences in the accounting practices in the old and the new GAAP are many, however, the major are in the areas of recognition of dividend liability, valuation of investments and intangible assets, employee payments, and share based payments. As per the new GAAP, the dividend liability in respect of the current year dividend is to be recognized in the current year itself. Thus, the company has revised its policy regarding recognition and disclosure of the dividend in the financial statements (Annual WIPRO, 2016). Further, there has been observed difference in the valuation of investments. As per the existing accounting standard-13, the short term investments are to be valued at the lower of cost or the fair value. Further, it provided that the long term investments are to be valued at cost and only the adjustments in regards to permanent diminution in the value would be allowed to be made from the cost (Annual WIPRO, 2016). However, the position is different in the new Ind AS. As per the new Ind AS, the short and long term both the types of investments are to be valued at fair value. Further, the investments are to be marked to market to recognize the profit and loss. WIPRO Limited has changed its accounting policy in regards to recognition and measurement of the investments. The impact of change in the accounting policy on the equity and the profits has been shown in the figure depicted above (Annual WIPRO, 2016). The most of the investments of the company were in the form of equity shares quoted on the stock exchange, therefore, there was not much problem in adopting the fair valuation basis as required under the new Ind AS. However, the company faced problems in determining the fair value of few investments which were in the form of unlisted securities. Further, the accounting policy in regards to employee benefits was also affected due to adoption of Ind AS. Under the existing the existing accounting standard-15, the actuarial gains and losses were used to be recognized through the income statement. However, the new Ind AS provides that the actuarial gains and losses would not be recognized through the statement of profit and loss rather these should be recognized through the comprehensive statement of income (Annual WIPRO, 2016). Thus, these were the major changes caused due to harmonization of the accounting standards with the international accounting standard. WIPRO Limited however faced challenges in implementing the new accounting standards but it was able to do this convergence process successfully. Conclusion The report presented in this document is concentrated in on discussing the issues and challenges in the harmonization of the accounting standards. From the discussion carried out in this report, it could be articulated that the convergence of the local accounting standards with the international accounting standards is essential and it has importance from the economic development view point. However, there are many issues that may come across while considering harmonization of the accounting standards, but it is necessary to carry out such harmonization for the well being of the economy. A case of WIPRO Limited has been discussed in the report that demonstrates the successful implementation of the converged accounting standards in India. Further recommendations in this regards are given as below: To keep pace with the economic developments at the international level, it is recommended to harmonize the accounting standards and change the accounting practices as per the international accounting practices (Hindubusinessline, 2017). For the smooth implementation of the convergence process, it is recommended that the accounting bodies and the government authorities should be fully prepared. The implementation of the new accounting regime should be carried out in the phased manner to ensure that the adoption by the industry has been successful (Hindubusinessline, 2017). References Annual WIPRO. 2017. Annual report of WIPRO Limited 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https://www.wipro.com/documents/investors/pdf-files/Wipro-Annual-Report-for-FY-2016-17.pdf Bensadon, D. Praquin, N. 2016. IFRS in a Global World: International and Critical Perspectives on Accounting. Springer. Franklin, L. 2012. Harmonisation - The desire by the IASB to harmonise accounting is the triumph of hope over experience. GRIN Verlag. Griff, M. 2014. Professional Accounting Essays and Assignments. Lulu Press, Inc. Hindubusinessline. 2017. For Smother IFRS Conversion. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/for-smoother-ifrs-convergence/article1067258.ece https://www.rsm.global/india/insights/special-reports/ind-applicability-sector-wise-analysis Kaur, M. 2014. Convergence of Accounting Standards in India with IFRS. Indian Journal of Research. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/recent_issues_pdf/June_2014_1402919445_0b528_7.pdf KPMG. 2014. Amendments to Ind AS: Carve-Outs. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2015/03/IFRS-Notes-Sept14.pdf RSM. 2017. Ind AS Applicability Sector-wise Analysis. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from Siddiqui, A.S. 2011. Comprehensive Accountancy XI. Laxmi Publications. Wang, C. 2011. Accounting Standards Harmonization and Financial Statement Comparability: Evidence from Transnational Information Transfer. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/accounting/papers/Wang.pdf Wong, P. 2014. Challenges and Successes in Implementing International Standards: Achieving Convergence to IFRS and ISA. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/ifac_report_challengesuccess_111004.pdf

Poem Analysis The Little Boy Lost vs. The Little Girl Lost Essay Example

Poem Analysis: The Little Boy Lost vs. The Little Girl Lost Paper A belief of envisioning a future to seek your creator is a task many people, young or old, continue to accomplish today. William Blake’s two poems from Songs of Experience: â€Å"The Little Boy   Lost† and â€Å"The Little Girl Lost† recognizes two children of different genders living through a time of need. The narrator in these two poems lecture through an era of mixed emotions and opinions the little boy and girl witnessed. The setting of â€Å"The Little Boy Lost† takes place in a location with a community of people, and â€Å"The Little Girl Lost† is portrayed in the wilderness alone. In addition, his poems feature a child as the inquiring human spirit. The two children in Blake’s poems reveal similar beliefs involving their creator; however, the children are looked upon differently from their surrounding environment and they are each in a setting where their actions determine their passing of life. In both poems Blake expresses each narrator viewing a similar imagination of their inner-soul, which in the end leads to their passing of life. Each poem opens with symbolizing their communication toward their creator. The narrator of the little boy believes in titling his inventor as â€Å"Father† (line 5) and for Lyca (the little girl); â€Å"her maker† (6). First, the boy questionably asks his Father how he could love something â€Å"greater than itself† (4). Believing to recognize that love is at first selfish, that no one seems capable of loving another more than himself. In a different opinion Lyca initiates to â€Å"arise and seek† (5) for her maker. Showing, without question, she trusts every moment of her life in her creators plans. The narrator interprets Lyca wandering into the wild as it becomes a â€Å"garden† (8). Illustrating positive hints are taking place in her belief. The boy continues to vent that he can only love his Father like a bird that â€Å"picks up crumbs around the door† (8). We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: The Little Boy Lost vs. The Little Girl Lost specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: The Little Boy Lost vs. The Little Girl Lost specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: The Little Boy Lost vs. The Little Girl Lost specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Giving an understanding of the boys knowledge for the meaning of love. He is overheard by a â€Å"Priest† (9) in his community who judges his innocent suspicion in a negative way. The Priest stands him on an altar in front of their community and bounds him with iron chains as the Priest explains to their people the boy is a â€Å"fiend† (14); a dastardly person or evil spirit. Therefore, Lyca settles down harmlessly underneath a tree, falling asleep, as her â€Å"frowning† (29) night appeared. The actions observed between the boy and Lyca is followed with an unfairly ending from the judgements of their ambience. The stainless boy is punished from the opinion of the Priest, telling their community he is not to judge their most holy â€Å"Mystery† (16). His people chained him to the altar and burned him away as his â€Å"weeping parents wept in vain† (18). In this event Blake implies a horrific scene of an innocent and knowledgeable boy for testing his belief. However, as Lyca has fallen asleep she mentally explores into a positive paradise. Surrounded by the â€Å"beasts of prey† (34), a lion and lioness examine her to be some form of goddess or purity. Without harm, the lion (symbolizing her maker) disrobes Lyca and takes her back to their cave to sleep. This also symbolizes her creator removing her soul from her material body peacefully in death. Futhermore, Blake indicates a different setting behind each child that aids them to their passing of life. The boy seems to be in a small town where everyone was raised with the same impression of their holy Father. The boy who was caught questioning his Father was punished for reasoning he did not understand. The community â€Å"burn’d him in a holy place, / Where many had been burn’d before† (21-22). This resembles the Priest trying to save him from the wrong acceptance and was helping the boy by burning him in a holy place, which the community believed was the right thing to do. Lyca is surrounded by the â€Å"desart wild† (7) by herself with no one near to harm her. Faithful Lyca lays asleep against a peaceful tree in the wilderness with the lion; a king, trampling upon her without being alarmed to bring her back to his â€Å"cave† (52) where she rest in peace. The two poems have shown many meanings and imagination on trusting your beliefs. Reading and analyzing over these poems have made me think more about my understandings and the trust I respect myself to feel toward my creator. Blake mentions these two poems with children of different gender and having strong assumptions on their interactions with their creator. Furthermore, nourishes the idea of the children being judged by their surroundings and making the setting very important from the reader to the character in the poem. In my belief these two poems have taught me more about faith and the actions that could happen at any point in time.

Do physical exercises with satisfaction

Do physical exercises with satisfaction 15 Exercises which will help every student stay healthy A lot of students just forget about their physical health, doing their regular reading and essays writing. It can influence your academic performance in a bad way. Sometimes, it is very important to put all your things away and just exercise to feel better and healthier. There are a lot of useful exercises, which are very easy for you to do in order to stay energetic. And you even shouldn`t have any special equipment to do the following exercises. Supine Pelvic Tilts This is the advanced crunch, which aims at the whole core region. Lie on your back with your knees bent. Your arms should be out to your sides and palms should be faced up.   Exhale and press your low back into the floor, using your abdominal muscles. Hold this position for some time. Inhale and create the arch in your low back. Don`t lift your hips. Return to your starting position after holding this position briefly. Side Plank with Bent Knee Lie on your right side with your legs stacked one upon the other and your knees bent. The right elbow should be bent under your shoulder. Raise your torso, engaging your abdominal muscles. Return to your starting position. Repeat this exercise on the other side. Side Lying Hip Adduction Lie on your side on a mat with your feet stacked in neutral position and with your legs lengthened straight away from your body. Your shoulders and hips should be aligned vertically to the floor. Place your upper arm on your upper hip and your lower arm under your head for support. Bring your lower leg forward until it lies in front of your upper leg. Exhale and raise your lower leg off the floor. Don`t raise the leg too high. Don`t allow the hips to roll back and forward. Raise the leg until you feel tension develop in your low back or your hips begin to tilt. Inhale and return to your starting position. Repeat such moves with the opposite leg. Squat Jumps Stand with your arms by your sides and your feet hip-width apart. Shift your hips back and down. Lower yourself until your heels about to lift off the floor. Keep your head directly facing forward. Make some jumping movements. Land quietly and softly on the mid-foot. Your head should be aligned with your spine. Keep your core muscles engaged in order to protect your spine. Contralateral Limb Raises This exercise is excellent for your troubling upper body areas. Lie on your stomach with your legs outstretched behind you. Your arms should be out overhead with the palms facing each other. Exhale and float one arm a few inches off the floor. Hold such position for some time. Inhale and return to your starting position. Don`t make any moves in your hips or low back. Supermans Lie on your stomach with your legs outstretched behind you. Your arms should be out overhead with the palms facing each other. Reach both your legs away from torso and float both arms until they lift a few inches off the floor. Your head should to be aligned with your spine. Inhale and return to your starting position. Don`t make any moves in your hips or low back. Glute Bridge This is an excellent entry exercise to the power of controlled and slow movements. Lie on your back in a bent-knee position. Your feet should be flat on the floor. Put your feet hip-width apart. Lift your hips up off the floor. Your abdominals should be engaged. Inhale and lower yourself back to the starting position. Side Lunge Stand with your feet parallel, hip-width apart. Keep your head over your shoulder. Your hands should be in the comfortable position. Shift your weight onto your heels. Inhale, step to the right and shift your weight toward the right foot. Exhale and push off with your right side in order to return to the starting position. Repeat the same movement for the opposite side. Standing Calf Raises – Wall It is a great area to improve your shins. Stand near the wall with your toes facing forward and feet hip-width apart. Place your hands on the wall in order to support your balance. Rise up to your toes and hold such position for some time. Inhale and lower your heels back to the floor. Side Plank with Straight Leg It is very important not to forget to breathe on this exercise. Lie on your right side with your left leg stacked on top of the right. Your right elbow should be positioned under your shoulder.   Lift your knees and hips off the floor. Your abdominals should be engaged in order to brace your spine. Return to the starting position. Repeat the exercise on the other side. Cobra This exercise will help you to get ready for your busy day. Lie on your stomach with your hands positioned under your shoulders. Your legs should be straight. Press your hips into the floor. Curl the chest away from the floor and lengthen the torso. Keep your shoulders rolling down and back. Lower your upper body beck to the floor. You should stop the exercise immediately if you feel the pain in the low back. Downward – facing Dog The controlled and slow movement is very important for this exercise. Come to an all-fours position on the floor.   Your hands should be under your shoulders. Engage your abdominals to support the spine. Rise up your hips. Press your heels toward the floor. Don`t lift your head.   Reach the heels toward the floor. Inhale and return your body to the starting position. Front Plank Lie on the stomach and put the elbows close to your sides. Flex the ankles and straighten your legs. Lift your thighs and torso off the floor. Keep your abdominal muscles strong. Don`t forget to breathe. Hold such position for at least 5 seconds. Lower your body back towards the floor in order to return to the starting position. Push-up This is the good old exercise. Come to a knees and hands position. Your hands should be under the shoulders. Bring yourself to the plank position. Keep the abdominals engaged. Bend the elbows, lowering your body toward the floor. Don`t allow your chin and chest to touch the floor. Press upward through your arms and straighten the elbows. Forward Lunge with Arm Drivers   This advanced exercise hits some core areas. Stand with your arms raised in front to shoulder height, feet together, and arms raised. Lift one foot off the floor, balancing on the standing leg. Hold this position for some time, before making a step forward. Then, shift your body weight to the front foot. Lower your body your front thigh becomes parallel with the floor. Your hands should reach to the point below your front knee. Keep your elbows straight and back flat. In order to return to your starting position, push off with your front leg.

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employment Law - Essay Example As an employee, Tom would then be in a position where there is a general premise that he would be eligible to file a case for unfair dismissal, but when working as a self employed person, the employer’s liability would be limited. The basis for this lies in the rule laid down in the case of Jennings v Westwood Engineering, in which an employer is required to deduct taxes at the source from his employees; should be fail to do so, he could be committing a criminal offence. Since the employer deducts tax and insurance which are a percentage of his earnings, and to which the employer also makes a contribution, this means that the employer has certain obligations in respect to employees, so that the employees will have some rights in respect to sickness, unemployment or injuries arising during the period of employment. An employer however, has no such obligations towards a self employed person; as a result, any claim for unfair dismissal would not be sustainable if the worker is a self employed person. ... ack of clarity in these definitions, a number of factors were later identified in the case of ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v MPNI (1968), in which McKenna set out the following considerations in determining whether an individual was an employee or self employed: (a) Is the employee providing his skill in consideration of a wage (b) Is there an element of control exercised by the employer? (c) Are there provisions in the contract inconsistent with it being a contract of employment? Applying this in Tom’s case, it must be noted that at the outset, Tom has a guaranteed income, because he is entitled to 20 sessions with the company’s members, as stated under the first condition spelt out above in the case of McKenna. Secondly, it must also be noted that Tom does not supply his own equipment and tools; nor does he make arrangements to provide his own support staff to carry out an assignment as a contractor would do. In the case of Lee v Chung and Sun Chung Construct ion and Engineering Co Ltd, in determining whether an individual was an employee, the Court stated that when the worker used the tools and equipment provided by the company, he would fall under the category of an employee rather than self employed. Other factors examined in this same case were (a) how much financial risk the employee took and (b) how much investment responsibility he had and (c) how much s/he was able to profit from his own investment of time and effort. On this basis, it may be noted that Tom’s financial risk was not substantial because he had a guaranteed income from the Company’s members and could use the Company’s staff and equipment, which reduced his own investment liability. . In the case of Ready Mixed Concrete, McKenna also laid out the condition that a contract of

Advanced Mathematics For Engineers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Advanced Mathematics For Engineers - Essay Example Maclaurin series is known as a special case of Taylor series expansion at x = 0. Through Maclaurin series, a combination of functions, say those which are exponential and trigonometric in nature, may be brought altogether to acquire algebraic representations. Leibnitz’ theorem – Leibnitz’s theorem is normally applied whenever numerical methods merely work for determining solutions of first order differential equations (DEs). In particular, by Leibnitz’s theorem, second order DEs may be solved through a process of successive differentiations wherein the nth differential coefficient of standard function can be obtained by performing a series of tasks with the product rule to arrive at the intended solution for Yn. Bessel’s and Legendre equations. Out of the studies made for the disturbances in planetary motion by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel emerged what came to be acknowledged in the early 19th century as the first systematic analysis of solutions to the equation given by: Such an equation is called a Bessel’s equation which varies in order depending on the real constant ‘v’. ... Moreover, this method had been of ample significance in the quantum mechanical model of the H-atom and is typically employed in areas of physics or engineering that tackle steady-state temperature within solid spherical objects involving the use of Laplace’s equation. Euler, and Runge – Kutta numerical differential equation methods. Both of the principles of applying Euler method and Runge – Kutta method are vital in solving DEs of the first order. With Euler method, on one hand, restrictions are set given initial values x0 and y0, and the range of ‘x’ within which the desired solution for ‘y’ is achieved upon a number of successive iterations that follow a simple form: f (a + h) = f (a) + h [ f ‘(a) ] Iterative use of this equation proceeds until one arrives at the intended value for ‘y’ that is accurate to the extent of decimal places specified. Similarly, the Runge-Kutta method is used for the same purpose of approx imating the ‘y’ to converge to a certain value, only this time, a couple of evaluation steps are required towards a higher degree of accuracy for the results. It is necessary herein to evaluate k-values (k1, k2, k3, and k4) which must be substituted into The numbers identifying each ‘k’, as well as the YP1 and the YC1 are tabulated for a specific range of Xn. (2) Consider for the range x = 1 to x = 1.5 in increments of .1, given the initial conditions that when x = 1, y = 2 Apply Euler Method to solve and graph the above problem Apply Euler –Cauchy Method to solve and graph the above problem Apply Runge - Kutta Method to solve and graph the above problem By Euler Method f(a + h) = f(a) + f(h) ---? y = y0 + h(y0’),

Music in Titanic Analysis

Music in Titanic Analysis The movie Titanic is deemed as a romantic story fused by the love and the tragedy. The music employed in the film is to provide two rendering functions, one is to describe the love between Jack and Rose, and the other one is for the storyline. To achieve the goals above, two major themes of music created by the musician, one is for the love centered by My Heart Will Go On, and the other is for the sinking Titanic. Even though the movie Titanic is classified by drama to describe a romantic story on the disaster journey of Titanic, however, it is also a great musical film directed by James Cameron released in 1997. There is no doubt that the movie Titanic is one of the first-class films with the concord between music and pictures. The soundtrack in this film is recognized as one of the best classic movie soundtrack publicly in the 20th century. Its beautiful melodies, strong lyrical effect, inseparable connection with the picture, and powerful plot driven make it turn into the ultimate soundtrack in movie history, so that it is quite difficult to be transcended. Additionally, the key of the success of the soundtrack in this movie is that composer integrates the Scottish folk music into the pictures and the storyline in a perfect way. The beautiful and desolate rhythm played by Scottish bagpipes running throughout the film puts Scottish folk element into emotional tone of the tragedy organically, by which viewer gets a fresh feeling. In fact, music in the films has a singular influence on the perception and understanding of image, which is called aesthetic effect. Based on a study, it demonstrates that film music has effects on character amiability and the inevitability of perceiving characters emotions. (Berthold et al., 2011) In the case of film Titanic, the theme song My Heart Will Go On becomes the other main line throughout the film. As a consequence, many soundtracks are based on this song that portrays characters mental activity and emotion, and renders the mood, by which viewers are connected with the story closely. The audiences are possibly able to know what characters thought by corresponding melodies as the same time. The composer tries to use the multi-stage musical form, which is commonly used in films, to create the soundtrack for the movie Titanic. At the beginning of the movie, with tragic melody, a clear female voice accompanied by the plaintive sound of the Scottish bagpipes evokes memories of the past immediately, and also indicates that the romantic desolate love will start on this ship. As mentioned above, there are two parts of the movie Titanic, the love and the disaster. The theme of love is presented at the first meet between Jack and Rose who is ready to jump into the sea, through which viewers would feel that the love begins to germinate. During the development of romance between two characters, the composer continually presents the tragic melody through the rendering of the soundtrack. With the sinking of Titanic, people keep running for surviving. At this time, the composer introduce the quickly short melody played by stringed instruments, the sharp tone played by trumpet echoed with the melody played by the French horn, the gloomy melody played by the trombone and the sound played by the percussion which are accompanied by female voice and melody played by Scottish bagpipes as a whole for disaster mood rendering. (Content Server, Conclusion: Some, of course, are ballads appropriate for any event in which families were separated and lost loved ones. ) Please add something here. In addition, the perspective of the film is through that elderly Rose recalls shipwreck disaster occurred 85 years ago. To support that, the musical theme of the disaster mixed with the theme of love in the shadow brings strongly feeling of tragedy and nostalgia. Some times, those two themes are separated, and some times are united. There are also the scenes of the musicians who play the music during the event occurring. If those scenes are included, there are 75 musical scenes in the movie Titanic. At the beginning of the film, a female voice accompanied by the sound of the Scottish bagpipes indicates that the final of the story should be a tragedy. In the first half of the movie, the music presents magnificent sail song to support a bustling scene around Port Southampton, through which the final tragedy is contrasted. Generally, the soundtrack of a film should be connected to the story of the film closely. (Content, 1st par: We wanted to know) Please add something here. Firstly, the soundtrack can render the mood of the story, for instance, at the beginning of the movie, life so changed presents deep and melodious that gives a heavy feeling and makes viewers to get the sense of final tragedy. Furthermore, it can render the emotion of the characters, by which the inside emotion could be pulled out through the play of soundtrack. It is commonly believed that the best scene in the film is the cheerful melody with full dynamic jump played by piano when Jack does the painting for Rose. The melody shows Roses happiness and endless heartbeat during facing her lover, by which it is better way than using any gorgeous language to describe the emotion of characters. Besides, it is able to drive the story efficiently. To illustrate, the melody goes up and boosts up gradually when the carriage brings Rose into the scenes. Then, Rose waves gloved hand, gets off the carriage, raises hat and exposes cheeks, and the soundtrack reaches a climax at the same time. At t his moment, the music plays a fantastic role for the story driven. Lastly, it can also be played as a key to reveal the theme of the story. For example, at the end of the film, My Heart Will Go On presents a review of the whole story to viewers through the beautiful and desolate song performed by Celine Dion in her melodious voice. My Heart Will Go On as the theme song of the movie Titanic plays a role of conclusion of the sorrowful yet beautiful love story. This song brings the misty, vast and uninhibited feeling echoed in the ears from the high sky. Accompanied by ups and downs of the song, the melody becomes the key in the love theme of the film. It condenses the exact definition of love which Jack and Rose performs around 200 minutes, shocks the heart of viewers deeply, and leaves the tears to them. On the other hand, the other theme, the feeling of disaster has been weakened, as if the promise of love and song of love gives the sublimation to the spirit of the characters in the tragedy. After watching this movie, viewers would recall the soul-stirring story when they listen to the song, My Heart Will Go On. With the fantastic performance by Celine Dion, My Heart Will Go On holds on the top 1st of the US Billboard for 16 weeks continuously. According to a statistics, it indicates that Celine Dions album My Heart Will Go On sell like a hot cake caused by focuses on anniversary of the attractive theme from Titanic (Trust, G, 2012) Consequently, the popularity of the theme song of Titanic has a huge impact on box office. Although usually around 7 to 8 soundtracks in a film, there is one theme song performed in several scenes and throughout the story, and the melody of it would be different each time, sometimes on changes of speed, sometimes on variations of instruments. (Beyond, P1: Music has traditionally been regarded as a subordinate element in the standard film genres and film conceptualise music)For example, in the movie Titanic, there are at least three scenes with the theme song performed, Jack and Rose standing at bow of the ship accompanied by Scottish bagpipes and human voice, Jack is painting for Rose accompanied by piano, and elder Rose in sleep accompanied by Scottish bagpipes, human voice and piano. With the different plot of each scene, the different techniques for handling music could give more extensive imagination of the theme of the film to the viewers other than the picture and avoid the boring of the repetitions. As the theme song of the movie Titanic, My Heart Will Go On presents a forever pure love, so that it is responded and throughout each scenes this movie of love. If picture is the skeleton of the movie, the music gives it a soul. As a new type of musical expression, the soundtrack in movie sends out its own fascination, and acts as a key role in the movie. In each scenes of every movie, no matter the happiness, angry, sadness, or horror, the soundtrack is absolutely necessary that would give the vitality to pictures, and put the relative imagination to viewers mind. An excellent movie gives viewers not only the memory of a fantastic story, but also beautiful soundtracks (usually the theme song). And with the passage of time, even though the story would be blurred, the soundtracks still hovers in the mind, and it would fetch back the memory of the story sometimes.

Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II

Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II altered the face of American history forever. This being a war the United States was greatly against and never wanted to enter, They were thrust into the war by a brutal attack from the Japanese on a Navel base located in the pacific ocean on the island Oahu in what is called Pearl Harbor. This attack on the base was a direct attack against the United States and gave America no choice but to enter the war they were originally so opposed to, or were they? Did the American government know that the Japanese were planning an attack?Did the United States allow the Japanese kill and wound several thousand Americans and sink and damage several naval ships all for a reason to enter a war our President longed to be a part of? Those questions along with several more have been raised by authors and thinkers throughout history. These questions along with several more will be examined in depth throughout this writing. The thesis of this pa per is as follows, â€Å"On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japan’s surprise attacks on the U. S.Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. † First, the anticipation of war will be discussed and the events leading to attack. Secondly, the process that the Japanese went through will be discussed, from the year of planning to the secretive launch of their â€Å"striking force† also their already obvious aggression displayed by the invasion of China.Another crucial piece to this puzzle is the Tripartite pact signed by Japan to make them apart of the â€Å"Axis powers†. Also the Japanese fleet and how they were utilized and coordinated in this attack will play a vital part in this description of this devastating attack. Finall y the question will be addressed of whether we were aware of the attacks in advance and discuss the conspiracy theories surrounding this hot button issue in World War II history. Tensions between Japan and the United States increased greatly at the start of the military oriented  Showa era, as Japanese nationalists and military leaders used escalating influence over government policy, accepting the creation of a  Greater East Asia alliance  as part of Japan's alleged â€Å"divine right†Ã‚  to unify all of Asia under  Emperor Showa's rule,  threatening the already-established American, French, British, and Dutch colonies located in Asia. †[i] Throughout the 1930s, Japan's increasing expansion policies got them into conflicts with its neighbors, Russia and China[ii] .In March of 1933, Japan removed itself from the  League of Nations  because of international displease for its desire to conquer Manchuria  and for their plans to establish the  Manchukuo  puppet government. On January 15, 1936, Japan also removed representatives from the  Second London Naval Disarmament Conference[iii]  because the United States and Great Britain did not want to grant the  Imperial Japanese Navy  (IJN) parity with their navies. [iv] A  second war  between the Japanese and Chinese started with the  Marco Polo Bridge Incident  in July 1937[v].Japan's attack on China was looked down upon by the United States and the majority of the members of the League of Nations including Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands. The crimes of the Japanese during the conflict such as the Rape of Nanking[vi], definitely made relations with the rest of the world very strained. These states had several interests, as well as formal colonies, in the East  and  Southeast Asia. Japan's new power and its urge to use it raised great concerns, which threatened the control they had in Asia.In July of 1939, the United States got rid of its 1911 commerc ial treaty with Japan, but this effort failed to stop Japan from continuing the war in China, or from signing the  Tripartite Pact  in 1940 with  Hitler’s Germany  and Italy, officially forming the  Axis Powers. Japan took full advantage of Germany’s war in Europe to better its progress in the Far East. The Tripartite Pact promised each of the nations that had signed would have assistance if attacked by any country then considered neutral. This stipulation was directed at the United States, and gave Japan more power on the political stage.The Tripartite Pact now posed a great threat to the United States on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Hitler and Mussolini threatening on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Japanese on the Pacific Ocean. The Roosevelt administration felt the  American lifestyle  would be threatened if Europe and the Far East were to come under control of a dictatorship. Roosevelt pledged to help the British and the Chinese; he loaned both money and  materials  to both countries and promised that America aid would be enough to promise their survival of war. Giving this aid would start to move the United States from a neutral country to a country preparing for war.On October 8, 1940, Admiral  James O. Richardson, who was the commander of the Pacific Fleet, forced a confrontation with President Roosevelt, resending his messages from previous transmissions to  Chief of Naval Operations  Admiral  Harold R. Stark  and to  Secretary of the Navy  Frank Knox, that Pearl Harbor was the be best place for his ships to be located. Roosevelt told Richardson that having that fleet in Pearl Harbor was a â€Å"restraining influence† on the Japanese. Richardson asked the president if the United States was going to war. [vii] In Richardson's retelling of the account the president responded: At least as early as October 8, 1940, President Roosevelt believed that affairs had reached such a state that the United S tates would be come involved in a war with Japan. †¦ ‘that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner of later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war. †¦ â€Å". [viii] In 1940, Japanese troops moved into northern  Indochina. The invasion of Indochina, along with the Tripartite Pact, their war in China, increasing troops, and Japan's leaving the League of Nations made the U. S. embargo metal that was being shipped to Japan and to tighten down its foreign policy actions towards the Japanese and shut down the  Panama Canal  to Japanese ships. In 1941, Japanese troops invaded southern Indochina.On July 26 1941 the United States answered by freezing most Japane se assets in the United States and, then on August 1 1941, placed embargos on all of the oil and gas exports to Japan. Oil was the most important resource imported to Japan; at the time more than 80 percent of Japan's oil imports came from the United States. To make sure they had oil, and several other vital resources, the Japanese had long been looking for other places for their supplies, specifically in the  Dutch East Indies.The Navy was sure any plan of action to seize the Dutch East Indies would bring the United States into the war and were very skeptical when it came time to agree with the other factions' plans for the invasion. The complete United States oil embargo changed to the naval view to support the expansion toward support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies and capture of all of the oil fields there. After the embargoes and the freezing of all assets, the Ambassador of Japan in Washington and the secretary of State Cordell Hull had multiple meetings to try an d find a solution to the Japanese-American problems.No solution could be found because of three major problems which were Japan's alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact; Japan wanted total control and responsibility for Southeast Asia; and Japan refused to leave China. Feeling the strain from the U. S. embargoes, Japan developed a sense of urgency, they either had to agree to Washington's demands and return to normal trade, or use force to gain access to resources that were available throughout the Pacific.Deciding that agreeing to Washington’s demands was unacceptable The Japanese decided to prepare for war with the United States, and seeing the opportunity of the forward basing of the  US Pacific Fleet  at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began to plan in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor. For the next several months, planning a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific occupied most of the Ja panese’ time and attention.The Pearl Harbor attack planning came from the Japanese predicting that the United States would be drawn into the war after the Japanese attacked Malaya and Singapore. The intent of a strike on Pearl Harbor was to negate the American navy in the Pacific, in turn removing it from dictating operations against American, British, and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific. Planning in the beginning had seen a battle between the two powers would take place in Japanese waters after the United States Navel Fleet traveled across the Pacific Ocean, which would come under attack by submarines and other forces all the way across.The United States Fleet would be beaten in a climactic battle. A surprise attack presented a difficult problem for two major reasons. First, the United States Pacific Fleet was a major force, and they would not be a pushover to defeat or sneak up on. Second, for an air attack, Pearl Harbor's shallow waters made the use of standard  air- dropped torpedoes  useless. On the bright side, the isolation of the island of Hawaii meant that a surprise attack could not be stopped or countered quickly by forces stationed in the continental United States.A lot of Japan’s naval officers were very impressed with the British  Operation: Judgement, where twenty one old and outdated  Fairey Swordfish  crippled half of the  Regia Marina. Admiral Yamamoto went as far as sending a delegation to Italy, which decided that a version of Cunningham's strike on a much larger scale could force the United States Pacific Fleet to have to return to bases in California, which would give the Japanese time to put a â€Å"barrier† defense in place to defend the Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies.The delegation returned from Italy with information on how the Cunningham engineers devised shallow-running torpedoes. Japan’s navel planners were without a doubt influenced by Admiral  Togo's surprise attack that was executed on the Pacific Fleet of Russia  at Port Arthur in 1905, and also they were influenced by U. S. Admiral  Harry Yarnell's work in the 1932 joint Army-Navy exercises, which was used to simulate an invasion of the island of Hawaii. Yarnell, as the leader of the force that was attacking the island, placed his aircraft carriers northwest f Oahu and simulated an air attack. The umpires of the exercises noted that Yarnell's aircraft were able to impose serious â€Å"damage† on the defending team, who for 24 hours after the attack were not able to find his team. In a letter that was written on January 7, 1941 Yamamoto finally delivered a somewhat rough draft of his plan to  Koshiro Oikawa, then Navy Minister, who he also asked that he be made Commander in Chief of the air fleet to carry out the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A couple of weeks later in another letter, this time sent to  Takijiro Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet, Yamamoto asked Onishi to study the actual ability successfully carrying out an attack against the American base. After speaking with  Kosei Maeda originally, an expert on aerial torpedo warfare, and being told that harbor's shallow waters made an attack of this nature very close to impossible; Onsihi then sought the advice of Commander  and planner Minoru Genda.Once Genda studied the original plan issued by Yamamoto, Genda said: â€Å"the plan is difficult but not impossible†. During the next couple weeks, Genda made some changes to Yamamoto's rough draft of the attack, stressing the importance of the attack being executed early in the morning and in complete secrecy, using an aircraft carrier fleet and many different types of bombing. [ix]Although bombing the United States Pacific Fleet while they were anchored in Pearl Harbor would be a surprise, it also had two large flaws: The ships that would be targeted would be sunk or damaged in the shallow water waters of the harbor, which would mean that they could possibly be salvaged and possibly returned to duty (as six of the eight battleships eventually were); and most of the crews would be able to live through the attack, since the majority would be on leave  which means they would be on shore or that most could be easily rescued from the harbor after the attack took place.Despite these concerns, Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead. By April of 1941, the plan to attack Pearl Harbor began to be referred to as  Operation Z, named after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Togo at Tsushima. Throughout the summer of 1941 leading up to the attack, pilots were training in secret near  Kagoshima City  on the Japanese island of  Kyushu. Genda chose this location because the geography and infrastructure of Kagoshima City presented almost all of the same problems bombers would have to overcome during the attack on Pearl Harbor.In training, each flight crew navigated over the 5000-foot mountain behind Kagoshima City and dropp ed into the city, maneuvering around buildings before descending to an altitude of 25 feet at the oceans edge. Bombardiers dropped torpedoes at some 300 yards away. The skimming of the water did not fix the problem of torpedoes hitting the ocean floor in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Japanese engineers developed modifications allowing successful shallow water drops. The engineers work turned out to be a heavily modified version of theType 91 torpedo,  which turned out to inflict most of the damage to ships during the attack.Japanese weapon engineers also developed special  armor-piercing bombs  with fitted fins and release shackles to 14 and 16  inch naval shells. These were able to pierce the more lightly armored decks of the older battleships still in service. On November 26, 1941, a Japanese  Striking Force of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga,  Soryu,  Hiryu,  Shokaku, and  Zuikaku) left Japan  heading  to a predetermined position that was northwest of Hawaii, with the intention to launch its planes to execute the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A total of 408 aircraft were supposed to be used in the attack: 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensive  combat air patrol  (CAP), including nine fighters that would serve double duty on CAP and the first attack wave. The first wave was going to be the major attack, with the second wave serving as a way to finish whatever objectives remained to be completed. The first wave featured the majority of the weapons to attack  capital ships; mainly the specially adapted  Type 91  aerial torpedoes  that we discussed earlier. x]  The attack crews were told to pick the highest value targets such as battleships and  aircraft carriers or, if they were not available, any other high profile ships like cruisers and destroyers. The dive bombers  were ordered to attack ground targets. Fighter pilots were told to strafe and destroy as many grounded aircraft as possible to make sur e they did not get into the air to attack the bombers, specifically during the first wave. When the planes fuel got low they were ordered to return to the aircraft carriers to refuel, then immediately return to the attack.Fighters were ordered to serve CAP duties when needed, especially over the US airfields where the United States planes were grounded. Before the attack began, two aircrafts  were launched from cruisers were sent to scout and gain information over Oahu and report on the composition of the fleet and their exact location. Another four planes scouted the area between the Japanese carrier force in order to prevent the task force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. [xi] The attack on Pearl Harbor actually took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but it was not the Admiral’s intention to do this.He originally stated that the attack should not take place until at least thirty minutes after Japan had formally notified the United States that negotiations for peace had come to a close. [xii]  The Japanese tried to play by the rules of war while still making the attack a surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered and translated. Japan sent the 5,000-word declairation of war (commonly called the â€Å"14-Part Message†) in two sections to the  Japanese Embassy in Washington, but translating the message took too long for it to be delivered in time. In fact, U. S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. ). The final part of the â€Å"14 Part Message† is what some call the actual declaration of war. While it did not declare war nor did it end diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a large number of senior U. S government officials as a very strong indication that negotiations were likely done  and that war was going to erupt at any moment.A declaration of war from Japan was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8,  but it was not delivered to the United States government until the day after the attack had already taken place. â€Å"The first attack wave consisted of 183 planes that were launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It included: ? 1st Group  (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers) ? 50  Nakajima B5N  Kate  bombers armed with 800  kg (1760  lb)  armor piercing bombs, organized in four sections ? 40 B5N bombers armed with  Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections ? nd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets:  Ford Island  and  Wheeler Field) ? 54  Aichi D3A  Val  dive bombers armed with 550  lb (249  kg)  general purpose bombs ? 3rd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber’s Point, Kaneohe) ? 45  Mitsubishi A6M  Zeke  fighters for air control and  strafing ? Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulti es. †[xiii] â€Å"The second wave was 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, led by Lieutenant  Shigekazu Shimazaki. Four of the planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.This wave and its targets comprised: ? 1st Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 54 B5Ns armed with 550  lb (249  kg) and 132  lb (60  kg) general purpose bombs ? 27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point ? 27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field ? 2nd Group  (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers) ? 81 D3As armed with 550  lb (249  kg) general purpose bombs, in four sections ? 3rd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber’s Point, Kaneohe) ? 36 A6Ms for defense and strafing†[xiv] The United States suffered great losses; all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. Of the eight damaged six were raised, repaired and returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three  destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,  and one  minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed  and 1,282 wounded. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the  intelligence section) were not attacked. [xv] â€Å"Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five  midget submarines  lost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailor  was captured. †[xvi] â€Å"After the attack, 15  Medals of Honor, 51  Navy Crosses, 53  Silver Stars, four  Navy and Marine Corps Medals, one  Distinguished Flying Cross, four  Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and three  Bronze Star Medals  were awarded to the American military men who served in combat at Pearl Harbor. [xvii]  Also, a special award, the  Pearl Harbor Commem orative Medal, was later made and given to all military veterans of the attack. The day following the attack, Roosevelt gave his now famous  Infamy Speech  to a  Joint Session of Congress, calling for a  declaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress granted this request in less than an hour. On December 11 1941 Germany and Italy, honoring the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the United States. The United States Congress issued a declaration of war later the same day against Germany and Italy.Britain declared war on the Japanese some nine hours before the United States did, mostly because of the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and also due to the promise that Winston Churchill made to declare war â€Å"within the hour† if the Japanese executed an attack against the United States. The attack was a huge shock to the Allies in the Pacific Theater. More losses made the setback even more alarming. Japan  attacked the Philippines just a few short   hours later but because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines.Just a few days after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the  Prince of Wales  and  Repulse,  which were two British ships, were sunk  off the coast of  Malaya, British Prime Minister  Winston Churchill  later said: â€Å"In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the  Indian Ocean  or the  Pacific  except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California.Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked†. [xviii] During the rest of the war, Pearl Harbor was very often used with  American propaganda to promote the war. Another huge reaction by America because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor was that most of the Japanese American residents and citizens were reloca ted to Japanese-American internment  camps. Just a few short hours after the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were arrested and brought to high-security camps that like  Sand Island  and Kilauea Military Camp  located in Hawaii.Later, over 110,000 Japanese Americans, this includes United States citizens, were yanked from their homes and transferred to these high security internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. [xix] As was discussed previously discussed, was America aware of the plans of the attack? Several theorists don’t accept the view that Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise and these theorists always make clear that Roosevelt wanted, though did not say so officially, the U. S. to play a part in the war against Germany.A basic grip of the political situation of 1941 displays reasonable evidence Roosevelt invited, allowed, or even knew of the Pearl Harbor attack. Military historian and novelist  Thomas Fleming  poses the argument that President Roosevelt himself, had wished that Germany or Japan would make the first blow, but did not expect the United States to be hit as hard as it was in the attack on Pearl Harbor. [xx] In closing I feel that the United States was aware of this devastating attack and that my thesis of â€Å"On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japan’s surprise attacks on the U.S. Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. † was well covered through out duration of this research. ———————– [i] The effort to establish the Imperial Way (kodo) had begun with the  Second Sino-Japanese War  (called  sei sen, or â€Å"holy war†, by Japan). Bix, Herbert,  Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. [ii] Japan had fought the  First Sino-Japanese War  with China in 1894-95 and the Russo-Japanese War  with Russia in 1904-05; Japan's imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts. [iii] The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in  London,  United Kingdom  on 9 December 1935. It resulted in the  Second London Naval Treaty  which was signed on 25 March 1936. [iv] Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns,  Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932-1988, 2003, p. 504. [v] The  Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a  battle  between the  Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army  and the  Imperial Japanese Army, often used as the marker for the start of the  Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) [vi] The Rape of Nanking was a  mass murder, and  war rape  that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese  capture  of the city of  Nanking, the former capital of the  Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the  Second Sino-Japanese War. vii] Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, â€Å"Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence† [viii] Richardson, â€Å"On the Treadmill†, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, â€Å"Human Smoke†, p. 239 [ix] Prange, Gordon,  At Dawn We Slept, Penguin Books, p. 25-27 [x] Peattie, Mark R. (2001),  Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, Naval Institute Press [xi] Tony DiGiulian. â€Å"Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941†. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xii] Calvocoressi  et al. ,  The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 52 [xiii] Prange. p. 102 [xiv] Prange. p. 102 [xv] â€Å"Full Pearl Harbor casualty list†. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xvi] â€Å"Full Pearl Harbor casualty list†. Usswes tvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xvii] Prange. p. 454 [xviii]   Churchill, Winston; Martin Gilbert (2001),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"December 1941†,  The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War,  Volume 3: 1941, London, New York: W. W. Norton, p 1593–1594, [xix] Prange. p. 632 [xx]   Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). â€Å"Pearl Harbor Hype†. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Bibliography: Primary:Burtness, Paul, and Warren Ober. â€Å"President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the Unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor: A Research Note.. †Ã‚  Australian Journal of Politics & History;. 57. no. 4 (2011): 580-88. http://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ohiolink. edu:9099/ehost/detail? vid=4&hid=113&[email  protected]&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==, Retrieved 2012-02-21 â€Å"Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941, – the Japanese View† EyeWitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohistory. com (2001). Retrieved 2012-03-01 Harriet Moore, (U. S. Army Nurse Corps 2nd Lt . , interview by Erica Warren, â€Å"Army nurse recalls attack on Pearl Harbor,†Ã‚  North County Times, December 7, 2003, January 31, 2012, http://www. nctimes. com/news/local/article_85b4ea10-e9c2-5af7-8e74-deddc726aa5b. html. Conn, Stetson; Fairchild, Byron; Engelman, Rose C. (2000),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"7 – The Attack on Pearl Harbor†,  Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington D. C. : Center of Military History United States Army â€Å"Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack†,  Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office, 1946, retrieved 2012-02-08 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942 Churchill, Winston; Martin Gilbert (2001),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"December 1941†,  The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War,  Volume 3: 1941, London, New York: W. W. Norton, p 1593–1594, Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, â€Å"Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence† Secondary Bix, Herbert,  Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. Prange, Gordon.At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). â€Å"Pearl Harbor Hype†. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Richardson, â€Å"On the Treadmill†, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, â€Å"Human Smoke† Peattie, Mark R. (2001),  Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, Naval Institute Press Calvocoressi  et al. ,  The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 952 Tony DiGiulian. â€Å"Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941†. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II altered the face of American history forever. This being a war the United States was greatly against and never wanted to enter, They were thrust into the war by a brutal attack from the Japanese on a Navel base located in the pacific ocean on the island Oahu in what is called Pearl Harbor. This attack on the base was a direct attack against the United States and gave America no choice but to enter the war they were originally so opposed to, or were they? Did the American government know that the Japanese were planning an attack?Did the United States allow the Japanese kill and wound several thousand Americans and sink and damage several naval ships all for a reason to enter a war our President longed to be a part of? Those questions along with several more have been raised by authors and thinkers throughout history. These questions along with several more will be examined in depth throughout this writing. The thesis of this pa per is as follows, â€Å"On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japan’s surprise attacks on the U. S.Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. † First, the anticipation of war will be discussed and the events leading to attack. Secondly, the process that the Japanese went through will be discussed, from the year of planning to the secretive launch of their â€Å"striking force† also their already obvious aggression displayed by the invasion of China.Another crucial piece to this puzzle is the Tripartite pact signed by Japan to make them apart of the â€Å"Axis powers†. Also the Japanese fleet and how they were utilized and coordinated in this attack will play a vital part in this description of this devastating attack. Finall y the question will be addressed of whether we were aware of the attacks in advance and discuss the conspiracy theories surrounding this hot button issue in World War II history. Tensions between Japan and the United States increased greatly at the start of the military oriented  Showa era, as Japanese nationalists and military leaders used escalating influence over government policy, accepting the creation of a  Greater East Asia alliance  as part of Japan's alleged â€Å"divine right†Ã‚  to unify all of Asia under  Emperor Showa's rule,  threatening the already-established American, French, British, and Dutch colonies located in Asia. †[i] Throughout the 1930s, Japan's increasing expansion policies got them into conflicts with its neighbors, Russia and China[ii] .In March of 1933, Japan removed itself from the  League of Nations  because of international displease for its desire to conquer Manchuria  and for their plans to establish the  Manchukuo  puppet government. On January 15, 1936, Japan also removed representatives from the  Second London Naval Disarmament Conference[iii]  because the United States and Great Britain did not want to grant the  Imperial Japanese Navy  (IJN) parity with their navies. [iv] A  second war  between the Japanese and Chinese started with the  Marco Polo Bridge Incident  in July 1937[v].Japan's attack on China was looked down upon by the United States and the majority of the members of the League of Nations including Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands. The crimes of the Japanese during the conflict such as the Rape of Nanking[vi], definitely made relations with the rest of the world very strained. These states had several interests, as well as formal colonies, in the East  and  Southeast Asia. Japan's new power and its urge to use it raised great concerns, which threatened the control they had in Asia.In July of 1939, the United States got rid of its 1911 commerc ial treaty with Japan, but this effort failed to stop Japan from continuing the war in China, or from signing the  Tripartite Pact  in 1940 with  Hitler’s Germany  and Italy, officially forming the  Axis Powers. Japan took full advantage of Germany’s war in Europe to better its progress in the Far East. The Tripartite Pact promised each of the nations that had signed would have assistance if attacked by any country then considered neutral. This stipulation was directed at the United States, and gave Japan more power on the political stage.The Tripartite Pact now posed a great threat to the United States on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Hitler and Mussolini threatening on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Japanese on the Pacific Ocean. The Roosevelt administration felt the  American lifestyle  would be threatened if Europe and the Far East were to come under control of a dictatorship. Roosevelt pledged to help the British and the Chinese; he loaned both money and  materials  to both countries and promised that America aid would be enough to promise their survival of war. Giving this aid would start to move the United States from a neutral country to a country preparing for war.On October 8, 1940, Admiral  James O. Richardson, who was the commander of the Pacific Fleet, forced a confrontation with President Roosevelt, resending his messages from previous transmissions to  Chief of Naval Operations  Admiral  Harold R. Stark  and to  Secretary of the Navy  Frank Knox, that Pearl Harbor was the be best place for his ships to be located. Roosevelt told Richardson that having that fleet in Pearl Harbor was a â€Å"restraining influence† on the Japanese. Richardson asked the president if the United States was going to war. [vii] In Richardson's retelling of the account the president responded: At least as early as October 8, 1940, President Roosevelt believed that affairs had reached such a state that the United S tates would be come involved in a war with Japan. †¦ ‘that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner of later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war. †¦ â€Å". [viii] In 1940, Japanese troops moved into northern  Indochina. The invasion of Indochina, along with the Tripartite Pact, their war in China, increasing troops, and Japan's leaving the League of Nations made the U. S. embargo metal that was being shipped to Japan and to tighten down its foreign policy actions towards the Japanese and shut down the  Panama Canal  to Japanese ships. In 1941, Japanese troops invaded southern Indochina.On July 26 1941 the United States answered by freezing most Japane se assets in the United States and, then on August 1 1941, placed embargos on all of the oil and gas exports to Japan. Oil was the most important resource imported to Japan; at the time more than 80 percent of Japan's oil imports came from the United States. To make sure they had oil, and several other vital resources, the Japanese had long been looking for other places for their supplies, specifically in the  Dutch East Indies.The Navy was sure any plan of action to seize the Dutch East Indies would bring the United States into the war and were very skeptical when it came time to agree with the other factions' plans for the invasion. The complete United States oil embargo changed to the naval view to support the expansion toward support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies and capture of all of the oil fields there. After the embargoes and the freezing of all assets, the Ambassador of Japan in Washington and the secretary of State Cordell Hull had multiple meetings to try an d find a solution to the Japanese-American problems.No solution could be found because of three major problems which were Japan's alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact; Japan wanted total control and responsibility for Southeast Asia; and Japan refused to leave China. Feeling the strain from the U. S. embargoes, Japan developed a sense of urgency, they either had to agree to Washington's demands and return to normal trade, or use force to gain access to resources that were available throughout the Pacific.Deciding that agreeing to Washington’s demands was unacceptable The Japanese decided to prepare for war with the United States, and seeing the opportunity of the forward basing of the  US Pacific Fleet  at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began to plan in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor. For the next several months, planning a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific occupied most of the Ja panese’ time and attention.The Pearl Harbor attack planning came from the Japanese predicting that the United States would be drawn into the war after the Japanese attacked Malaya and Singapore. The intent of a strike on Pearl Harbor was to negate the American navy in the Pacific, in turn removing it from dictating operations against American, British, and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific. Planning in the beginning had seen a battle between the two powers would take place in Japanese waters after the United States Navel Fleet traveled across the Pacific Ocean, which would come under attack by submarines and other forces all the way across.The United States Fleet would be beaten in a climactic battle. A surprise attack presented a difficult problem for two major reasons. First, the United States Pacific Fleet was a major force, and they would not be a pushover to defeat or sneak up on. Second, for an air attack, Pearl Harbor's shallow waters made the use of standard  air- dropped torpedoes  useless. On the bright side, the isolation of the island of Hawaii meant that a surprise attack could not be stopped or countered quickly by forces stationed in the continental United States.A lot of Japan’s naval officers were very impressed with the British  Operation: Judgement, where twenty one old and outdated  Fairey Swordfish  crippled half of the  Regia Marina. Admiral Yamamoto went as far as sending a delegation to Italy, which decided that a version of Cunningham's strike on a much larger scale could force the United States Pacific Fleet to have to return to bases in California, which would give the Japanese time to put a â€Å"barrier† defense in place to defend the Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies.The delegation returned from Italy with information on how the Cunningham engineers devised shallow-running torpedoes. Japan’s navel planners were without a doubt influenced by Admiral  Togo's surprise attack that was executed on the Pacific Fleet of Russia  at Port Arthur in 1905, and also they were influenced by U. S. Admiral  Harry Yarnell's work in the 1932 joint Army-Navy exercises, which was used to simulate an invasion of the island of Hawaii. Yarnell, as the leader of the force that was attacking the island, placed his aircraft carriers northwest f Oahu and simulated an air attack. The umpires of the exercises noted that Yarnell's aircraft were able to impose serious â€Å"damage† on the defending team, who for 24 hours after the attack were not able to find his team. In a letter that was written on January 7, 1941 Yamamoto finally delivered a somewhat rough draft of his plan to  Koshiro Oikawa, then Navy Minister, who he also asked that he be made Commander in Chief of the air fleet to carry out the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A couple of weeks later in another letter, this time sent to  Takijiro Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet, Yamamoto asked Onishi to study the actual ability successfully carrying out an attack against the American base. After speaking with  Kosei Maeda originally, an expert on aerial torpedo warfare, and being told that harbor's shallow waters made an attack of this nature very close to impossible; Onsihi then sought the advice of Commander  and planner Minoru Genda.Once Genda studied the original plan issued by Yamamoto, Genda said: â€Å"the plan is difficult but not impossible†. During the next couple weeks, Genda made some changes to Yamamoto's rough draft of the attack, stressing the importance of the attack being executed early in the morning and in complete secrecy, using an aircraft carrier fleet and many different types of bombing. [ix]Although bombing the United States Pacific Fleet while they were anchored in Pearl Harbor would be a surprise, it also had two large flaws: The ships that would be targeted would be sunk or damaged in the shallow water waters of the harbor, which would mean that they could possibly be salvaged and possibly returned to duty (as six of the eight battleships eventually were); and most of the crews would be able to live through the attack, since the majority would be on leave  which means they would be on shore or that most could be easily rescued from the harbor after the attack took place.Despite these concerns, Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead. By April of 1941, the plan to attack Pearl Harbor began to be referred to as  Operation Z, named after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Togo at Tsushima. Throughout the summer of 1941 leading up to the attack, pilots were training in secret near  Kagoshima City  on the Japanese island of  Kyushu. Genda chose this location because the geography and infrastructure of Kagoshima City presented almost all of the same problems bombers would have to overcome during the attack on Pearl Harbor.In training, each flight crew navigated over the 5000-foot mountain behind Kagoshima City and dropp ed into the city, maneuvering around buildings before descending to an altitude of 25 feet at the oceans edge. Bombardiers dropped torpedoes at some 300 yards away. The skimming of the water did not fix the problem of torpedoes hitting the ocean floor in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Japanese engineers developed modifications allowing successful shallow water drops. The engineers work turned out to be a heavily modified version of theType 91 torpedo,  which turned out to inflict most of the damage to ships during the attack.Japanese weapon engineers also developed special  armor-piercing bombs  with fitted fins and release shackles to 14 and 16  inch naval shells. These were able to pierce the more lightly armored decks of the older battleships still in service. On November 26, 1941, a Japanese  Striking Force of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga,  Soryu,  Hiryu,  Shokaku, and  Zuikaku) left Japan  heading  to a predetermined position that was northwest of Hawaii, with the intention to launch its planes to execute the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A total of 408 aircraft were supposed to be used in the attack: 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensive  combat air patrol  (CAP), including nine fighters that would serve double duty on CAP and the first attack wave. The first wave was going to be the major attack, with the second wave serving as a way to finish whatever objectives remained to be completed. The first wave featured the majority of the weapons to attack  capital ships; mainly the specially adapted  Type 91  aerial torpedoes  that we discussed earlier. x]  The attack crews were told to pick the highest value targets such as battleships and  aircraft carriers or, if they were not available, any other high profile ships like cruisers and destroyers. The dive bombers  were ordered to attack ground targets. Fighter pilots were told to strafe and destroy as many grounded aircraft as possible to make sur e they did not get into the air to attack the bombers, specifically during the first wave. When the planes fuel got low they were ordered to return to the aircraft carriers to refuel, then immediately return to the attack.Fighters were ordered to serve CAP duties when needed, especially over the US airfields where the United States planes were grounded. Before the attack began, two aircrafts  were launched from cruisers were sent to scout and gain information over Oahu and report on the composition of the fleet and their exact location. Another four planes scouted the area between the Japanese carrier force in order to prevent the task force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. [xi] The attack on Pearl Harbor actually took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but it was not the Admiral’s intention to do this.He originally stated that the attack should not take place until at least thirty minutes after Japan had formally notified the United States that negotiations for peace had come to a close. [xii]  The Japanese tried to play by the rules of war while still making the attack a surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered and translated. Japan sent the 5,000-word declairation of war (commonly called the â€Å"14-Part Message†) in two sections to the  Japanese Embassy in Washington, but translating the message took too long for it to be delivered in time. In fact, U. S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. ). The final part of the â€Å"14 Part Message† is what some call the actual declaration of war. While it did not declare war nor did it end diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a large number of senior U. S government officials as a very strong indication that negotiations were likely done  and that war was going to erupt at any moment.A declaration of war from Japan was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8,  but it was not delivered to the United States government until the day after the attack had already taken place. â€Å"The first attack wave consisted of 183 planes that were launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It included: ? 1st Group  (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers) ? 50  Nakajima B5N  Kate  bombers armed with 800  kg (1760  lb)  armor piercing bombs, organized in four sections ? 40 B5N bombers armed with  Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections ? nd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets:  Ford Island  and  Wheeler Field) ? 54  Aichi D3A  Val  dive bombers armed with 550  lb (249  kg)  general purpose bombs ? 3rd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber’s Point, Kaneohe) ? 45  Mitsubishi A6M  Zeke  fighters for air control and  strafing ? Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulti es. †[xiii] â€Å"The second wave was 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, led by Lieutenant  Shigekazu Shimazaki. Four of the planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.This wave and its targets comprised: ? 1st Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 54 B5Ns armed with 550  lb (249  kg) and 132  lb (60  kg) general purpose bombs ? 27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point ? 27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field ? 2nd Group  (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers) ? 81 D3As armed with 550  lb (249  kg) general purpose bombs, in four sections ? 3rd Group  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber’s Point, Kaneohe) ? 36 A6Ms for defense and strafing†[xiv] The United States suffered great losses; all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. Of the eight damaged six were raised, repaired and returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three  destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,  and one  minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed  and 1,282 wounded. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the  intelligence section) were not attacked. [xv] â€Å"Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five  midget submarines  lost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailor  was captured. †[xvi] â€Å"After the attack, 15  Medals of Honor, 51  Navy Crosses, 53  Silver Stars, four  Navy and Marine Corps Medals, one  Distinguished Flying Cross, four  Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and three  Bronze Star Medals  were awarded to the American military men who served in combat at Pearl Harbor. [xvii]  Also, a special award, the  Pearl Harbor Commem orative Medal, was later made and given to all military veterans of the attack. The day following the attack, Roosevelt gave his now famous  Infamy Speech  to a  Joint Session of Congress, calling for a  declaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress granted this request in less than an hour. On December 11 1941 Germany and Italy, honoring the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the United States. The United States Congress issued a declaration of war later the same day against Germany and Italy.Britain declared war on the Japanese some nine hours before the United States did, mostly because of the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and also due to the promise that Winston Churchill made to declare war â€Å"within the hour† if the Japanese executed an attack against the United States. The attack was a huge shock to the Allies in the Pacific Theater. More losses made the setback even more alarming. Japan  attacked the Philippines just a few short   hours later but because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines.Just a few days after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the  Prince of Wales  and  Repulse,  which were two British ships, were sunk  off the coast of  Malaya, British Prime Minister  Winston Churchill  later said: â€Å"In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the  Indian Ocean  or the  Pacific  except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California.Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked†. [xviii] During the rest of the war, Pearl Harbor was very often used with  American propaganda to promote the war. Another huge reaction by America because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor was that most of the Japanese American residents and citizens were reloca ted to Japanese-American internment  camps. Just a few short hours after the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were arrested and brought to high-security camps that like  Sand Island  and Kilauea Military Camp  located in Hawaii.Later, over 110,000 Japanese Americans, this includes United States citizens, were yanked from their homes and transferred to these high security internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. [xix] As was discussed previously discussed, was America aware of the plans of the attack? Several theorists don’t accept the view that Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise and these theorists always make clear that Roosevelt wanted, though did not say so officially, the U. S. to play a part in the war against Germany.A basic grip of the political situation of 1941 displays reasonable evidence Roosevelt invited, allowed, or even knew of the Pearl Harbor attack. Military historian and novelist  Thomas Fleming  poses the argument that President Roosevelt himself, had wished that Germany or Japan would make the first blow, but did not expect the United States to be hit as hard as it was in the attack on Pearl Harbor. [xx] In closing I feel that the United States was aware of this devastating attack and that my thesis of â€Å"On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japan’s surprise attacks on the U.S. Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. † was well covered through out duration of this research. ———————– [i] The effort to establish the Imperial Way (kodo) had begun with the  Second Sino-Japanese War  (called  sei sen, or â€Å"holy war†, by Japan). Bix, Herbert,  Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. [ii] Japan had fought the  First Sino-Japanese War  with China in 1894-95 and the Russo-Japanese War  with Russia in 1904-05; Japan's imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts. [iii] The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in  London,  United Kingdom  on 9 December 1935. It resulted in the  Second London Naval Treaty  which was signed on 25 March 1936. [iv] Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns,  Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932-1988, 2003, p. 504. [v] The  Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a  battle  between the  Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army  and the  Imperial Japanese Army, often used as the marker for the start of the  Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) [vi] The Rape of Nanking was a  mass murder, and  war rape  that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese  capture  of the city of  Nanking, the former capital of the  Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the  Second Sino-Japanese War. vii] Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, â€Å"Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence† [viii] Richardson, â€Å"On the Treadmill†, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, â€Å"Human Smoke†, p. 239 [ix] Prange, Gordon,  At Dawn We Slept, Penguin Books, p. 25-27 [x] Peattie, Mark R. (2001),  Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, Naval Institute Press [xi] Tony DiGiulian. â€Å"Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941†. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xii] Calvocoressi  et al. ,  The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 52 [xiii] Prange. p. 102 [xiv] Prange. p. 102 [xv] â€Å"Full Pearl Harbor casualty list†. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xvi] â€Å"Full Pearl Harbor casualty list†. Usswes tvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. [xvii] Prange. p. 454 [xviii]   Churchill, Winston; Martin Gilbert (2001),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"December 1941†,  The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War,  Volume 3: 1941, London, New York: W. W. Norton, p 1593–1594, [xix] Prange. p. 632 [xx]   Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). â€Å"Pearl Harbor Hype†. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Bibliography: Primary:Burtness, Paul, and Warren Ober. â€Å"President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the Unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor: A Research Note.. †Ã‚  Australian Journal of Politics & History;. 57. no. 4 (2011): 580-88. http://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ohiolink. edu:9099/ehost/detail? vid=4&hid=113&[email  protected]&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==, Retrieved 2012-02-21 â€Å"Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941, – the Japanese View† EyeWitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohistory. com (2001). Retrieved 2012-03-01 Harriet Moore, (U. S. Army Nurse Corps 2nd Lt . , interview by Erica Warren, â€Å"Army nurse recalls attack on Pearl Harbor,†Ã‚  North County Times, December 7, 2003, January 31, 2012, http://www. nctimes. com/news/local/article_85b4ea10-e9c2-5af7-8e74-deddc726aa5b. html. Conn, Stetson; Fairchild, Byron; Engelman, Rose C. (2000),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"7 – The Attack on Pearl Harbor†,  Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington D. C. : Center of Military History United States Army â€Å"Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack†,  Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office, 1946, retrieved 2012-02-08 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942 Churchill, Winston; Martin Gilbert (2001),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"December 1941†,  The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War,  Volume 3: 1941, London, New York: W. W. Norton, p 1593–1594, Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, â€Å"Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence† Secondary Bix, Herbert,  Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. Prange, Gordon.At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). â€Å"Pearl Harbor Hype†. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Richardson, â€Å"On the Treadmill†, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, â€Å"Human Smoke† Peattie, Mark R. (2001),  Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, Naval Institute Press Calvocoressi  et al. ,  The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 952 Tony DiGiulian. â€Å"Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941†. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17.